mirror of
https://github.com/rust-lang/book.git
synced 2026-05-17 20:11:13 -04:00
Ch. 17: Fill out message-passing example
- Gradually build up to the full thing, rather than dumping it all at once at the start. - Show several more “false starts” along the way, using them to teach a couple key ideas about async and control flow. - Update the listings to have their actual expected numbers.
This commit is contained in:
Chris Krycho
@@ -1,35 +1,17 @@
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// ANCHOR: all
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use std::time::Duration;
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fn main() {
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trpl::block_on(async {
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// ANCHOR: add-channel
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let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel();
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// ANCHOR_END: add-channel
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let tx_fut = async {
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let vals = vec![
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String::from("hi"),
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String::from("from"),
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String::from("the"),
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String::from("future"),
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];
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// ANCHOR: send-and-receive
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let val = String::from("hi");
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tx.send(val).unwrap();
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for val in vals {
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tx.send(val).unwrap();
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trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
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}
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};
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// ANCHOR: loop
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let rx_fut = async {
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while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await {
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println!("received '{value}'");
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}
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};
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trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await;
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// ANCHOR_END: loop
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let received = rx.recv().await.unwrap();
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println!("Got: {received}");
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// ANCHOR_END: send-and-receive
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});
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}
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// ANCHOR_END: all
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@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
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// ANCHOR: all
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// ANCHOR: many-messages
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use std::time::Duration;
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// ANCHOR_END: many-messages
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fn main() {
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trpl::block_on(async {
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let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel();
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// ANCHOR: move
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let tx_fut = async move {
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// ANCHOR_END: move
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let vals = vec![
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String::from("hi"),
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String::from("from"),
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String::from("the"),
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String::from("future"),
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];
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// ANCHOR: many-messages
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let vals = vec![
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String::from("hi"),
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String::from("from"),
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String::from("the"),
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String::from("future"),
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];
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for val in vals {
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tx.send(val).unwrap();
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trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
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}
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};
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for val in vals {
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tx.send(val).unwrap();
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trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
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}
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// ANCHOR_END: many-messages
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let rx_fut = async {
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while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await {
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eprintln!("received '{value}'");
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}
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};
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trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await;
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// ANCHOR: loop
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while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await {
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println!("received '{value}'");
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}
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// ANCHOR_END: loop
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});
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}
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// ANCHOR_END: all
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33
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs
Normal file
33
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
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use std::time::Duration;
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fn main() {
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trpl::block_on(async {
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let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel();
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// ANCHOR: futures
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let tx_fut = async {
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let vals = vec![
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String::from("hi"),
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String::from("from"),
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String::from("the"),
|
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String::from("future"),
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];
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for val in vals {
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tx.send(val).unwrap();
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trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
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}
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};
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let rx_fut = async {
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// ANCHOR: loop
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while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await {
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println!("received '{value}'");
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}
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// ANCHOR_END: loop
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};
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trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await;
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// ANCHOR_END: futures
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});
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}
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540
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.lock
generated
Normal file
540
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.lock
generated
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
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# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
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# It is not intended for manual editing.
|
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version = 3
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||||
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||||
"futures-sink",
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||||
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||||
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||||
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[[package]]
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||||
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||||
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|
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||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
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|
||||
"libc",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"autocfg",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
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||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
checksum = "ce305eb0b4296696835b71df73eb912e0f1ffd2556a501fcede6e0c50349191c"
|
||||
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|
||||
"libc",
|
||||
"windows-sys 0.52.0",
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"proc-macro2",
|
||||
"quote",
|
||||
"unicode-ident",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"backtrace",
|
||||
"bytes",
|
||||
"libc",
|
||||
"mio",
|
||||
"num_cpus",
|
||||
"parking_lot",
|
||||
"pin-project-lite",
|
||||
"signal-hook-registry",
|
||||
"socket2",
|
||||
"tokio-macros",
|
||||
"windows-sys 0.48.0",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"proc-macro2",
|
||||
"quote",
|
||||
"syn",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "trpl"
|
||||
version = "0.1.0"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"futures",
|
||||
"tokio",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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[[package]]
|
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|
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[[package]]
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|
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"windows-targets 0.48.5",
|
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"windows-targets 0.52.5",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_aarch64_msvc 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_i686_gnu 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_i686_msvc 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_gnu 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.48.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_msvc 0.48.5",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows-targets"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "6f0713a46559409d202e70e28227288446bf7841d3211583a4b53e3f6d96e7eb"
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||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_i686_gnu 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_i686_gnullvm",
|
||||
"windows_i686_msvc 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.5",
|
||||
"windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.5",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
|
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version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
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||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
|
||||
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
checksum = "88ba073cf16d5372720ec942a8ccbf61626074c6d4dd2e745299726ce8b89670"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "87f4261229030a858f36b459e748ae97545d6f1ec60e5e0d6a3d32e0dc232ee9"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_i686_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_i686_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "db3c2bf3d13d5b658be73463284eaf12830ac9a26a90c717b7f771dfe97487bf"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "4e4246f76bdeff09eb48875a0fd3e2af6aada79d409d33011886d3e1581517d9"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "bec47e5bfd1bff0eeaf6d8b485cc1074891a197ab4225d504cb7a1ab88b02bf0"
|
||||
9
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.toml
Normal file
9
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.toml
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
[package]
|
||||
name = "async_await"
|
||||
version = "0.1.0"
|
||||
edition = "2021"
|
||||
|
||||
# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
|
||||
|
||||
[dependencies]
|
||||
trpl = { path = "../../../packages/trpl" }
|
||||
34
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs
Normal file
34
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
// ANCHOR: all
|
||||
use std::time::Duration;
|
||||
|
||||
fn main() {
|
||||
trpl::block_on(async {
|
||||
let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel();
|
||||
|
||||
// ANCHOR: move
|
||||
let tx_fut = async move {
|
||||
// ANCHOR_END: move
|
||||
|
||||
let vals = vec![
|
||||
String::from("hi"),
|
||||
String::from("from"),
|
||||
String::from("the"),
|
||||
String::from("future"),
|
||||
];
|
||||
|
||||
for val in vals {
|
||||
tx.send(val).unwrap();
|
||||
trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
let rx_fut = async {
|
||||
while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await {
|
||||
eprintln!("received '{value}'");
|
||||
}
|
||||
};
|
||||
|
||||
trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await;
|
||||
});
|
||||
}
|
||||
// ANCHOR_END: all
|
||||
540
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/Cargo.lock
generated
Normal file
540
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/Cargo.lock
generated
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
|
||||
# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
|
||||
# It is not intended for manual editing.
|
||||
version = 3
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "addr2line"
|
||||
version = "0.21.0"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "8a30b2e23b9e17a9f90641c7ab1549cd9b44f296d3ccbf309d2863cfe398a0cb"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"gimli",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "adler"
|
||||
version = "1.0.2"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "async_await"
|
||||
version = "0.1.0"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"trpl",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "autocfg"
|
||||
version = "1.3.0"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "backtrace"
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"addr2line",
|
||||
"cc",
|
||||
"cfg-if",
|
||||
"libc",
|
||||
"miniz_oxide",
|
||||
"object",
|
||||
"rustc-demangle",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "bitflags"
|
||||
version = "2.5.0"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
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|
||||
version = "1.6.0"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
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|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "cc"
|
||||
version = "1.0.97"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "099a5357d84c4c61eb35fc8eafa9a79a902c2f76911e5747ced4e032edd8d9b4"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "cfg-if"
|
||||
version = "1.0.0"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "futures"
|
||||
version = "0.3.30"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "645c6916888f6cb6350d2550b80fb63e734897a8498abe35cfb732b6487804b0"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"futures-channel",
|
||||
"futures-core",
|
||||
"futures-executor",
|
||||
"futures-io",
|
||||
"futures-sink",
|
||||
"futures-task",
|
||||
"futures-util",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "futures-channel"
|
||||
version = "0.3.30"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "eac8f7d7865dcb88bd4373ab671c8cf4508703796caa2b1985a9ca867b3fcb78"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"futures-core",
|
||||
"futures-sink",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "futures-core"
|
||||
version = "0.3.30"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "dfc6580bb841c5a68e9ef15c77ccc837b40a7504914d52e47b8b0e9bbda25a1d"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "futures-executor"
|
||||
version = "0.3.30"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "a576fc72ae164fca6b9db127eaa9a9dda0d61316034f33a0a0d4eda41f02b01d"
|
||||
dependencies = [
|
||||
"futures-core",
|
||||
"futures-task",
|
||||
"futures-util",
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "futures-io"
|
||||
version = "0.3.30"
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[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "852298e482cd67c356ddd9570386e2862b5673c85bd5f88df9ab6802b334c596"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.48.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
|
||||
|
||||
[[package]]
|
||||
name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
|
||||
version = "0.52.5"
|
||||
source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
|
||||
checksum = "bec47e5bfd1bff0eeaf6d8b485cc1074891a197ab4225d504cb7a1ab88b02bf0"
|
||||
9
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/Cargo.toml
Normal file
9
listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/Cargo.toml
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
[package]
|
||||
name = "async_await"
|
||||
version = "0.1.0"
|
||||
edition = "2021"
|
||||
|
||||
# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
|
||||
|
||||
[dependencies]
|
||||
trpl = { path = "../../../packages/trpl" }
|
||||
@@ -173,52 +173,147 @@ side of the channel closes. One other difference with this particular `recv()`
|
||||
implementation is that it returns an `Option` of the type sent over the channel
|
||||
instead of a `Result`.
|
||||
|
||||
We can start by introducing an async version of the `channel`
|
||||
We can start by introducing an async version of the multiple-producer,
|
||||
single-consumer channel channel API we used with threads back in Chapter 16:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- TODO: build up to this, rather than dumping the whole code all at once -->
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Using an async mpsc channel" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Creating an async channel and assigning the two halves to `tx` and `rx`" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:all}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:add-channel}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
If we run this, though, it never stops! You will need to shut it down using
|
||||
<span class="keystroke">ctrl-c</span>. We can see that `tx` sends all the
|
||||
messages,and `rx` receives and prints them, but we never see the “Done!”
|
||||
message, and the program never stops running. That’s because of the combination
|
||||
of the `while let` loop and the `trpl::join` call:
|
||||
Now we can send messages from the sender to the receiver. Unlike in Chapter 16,
|
||||
where we needed to spawn a separate thread to allow the message passing to
|
||||
happen asynchronously, here we opt into async behavior on the receiver side by
|
||||
using `.await` on the `rx.recv()` call.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption='Sending `"hi"` from `tx` and receiving it in `rx`' file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:loop}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:send-and-receive}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s consider the way this loop works:
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
The `send` call does not block, since the channel we are sending it into is
|
||||
unbounded. That was true with our threading example back in Chapter 16, too,
|
||||
though. The difference here is that the `rx.recv()` call here does not block the
|
||||
rest of the program, whereas the one in Chapter 16 *did* block the main thread.
|
||||
Instead, once the program hits the `.await` on the `rx.recv()` call, it hands
|
||||
control back to the runtime, which can go on scheduling other operations until a
|
||||
message arrives. It might be hard to see that from this code, though, since the
|
||||
message will arrive right away!
|
||||
|
||||
> Note: Since this is all wrapped in a `trpl::block_on`, this would effectively
|
||||
> block anything happening outside that. That is the whole point of `block_on`,
|
||||
> in fact: to allow you to *choose* where to block on some set of async code to
|
||||
> transition between sync and async code. However, *within* this block, the
|
||||
> `.await` does not block further operations—as we will see!
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s go ahead and send a whole series of messages, and sleep in between them,
|
||||
as shown in Listing 17-TODO:
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Sending multiple messages over the async channel and sleeping with an `.await` between each message" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:many-messages}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
Then we can wait on each of those messages in a loop. Here, we need to use a
|
||||
`while let` loop rather than a `for` loop, because Rust does not yet have an
|
||||
async version of `Iterator`, which is what the `for` loop does. In TODO: SECTION
|
||||
TITLE, we will see more about two related traits the community has been working
|
||||
on, `AsyncIterator` and `Stream`. For now, we can stick with `while let`, as in
|
||||
Listing 17-TODO, and the loop will end when `rx.recv().await` produces a `None`.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Using a `while let` loop with `.await` to receive messages asynchronously" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:loop}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
This code does not do what we want. It does successfully send and receive the
|
||||
messages, but instead of seeing the messages received at one-second intervals,
|
||||
we see them arrive all at once, four seconds after we start the program. It
|
||||
also never stops! You will need to shut it down using
|
||||
<span class="keystroke">ctrl-c</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s start by understanding why the messages all come in at once after the full
|
||||
delay, rather than coming in with delays in between each one. This highlights an
|
||||
important point about the way that async works in Rust. Within any given async
|
||||
block, the await points are sequential: each one happens one after another. That
|
||||
is, after all, one of the big motivations for using this syntax instead of
|
||||
callbacks, event handlers, or chains of methods: the flow through the program is
|
||||
much easier to follow, because having the order that `.await` keywords appear in
|
||||
the *code* is also the order they happen when running the *program*.
|
||||
|
||||
With that in mind, we can see why this code behaves the way it does by looking
|
||||
at the whole thing all together.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="An async block with multiple `.await` points in it" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:all}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
There is just one async block here, so everything here will proceed linearly.
|
||||
Every one of the `.await` points for the `trpl::sleep` calls appears before the
|
||||
`.await` points on the `rx.recv()`, so all the `tx.send` calls happen,
|
||||
interspersed with all of the `trpl::sleep` calls. Only then does the `while let`
|
||||
loop get to go through all of the `.await` points on the `recv` calls.
|
||||
|
||||
To get the behavior we actually want, where the delay happens in between
|
||||
receiving each message, rather than before receiving any message, we need to
|
||||
give put the `tx` and `rx` operations in their own async blocks, so the runtime
|
||||
can execute each of them separately. We also need to tell the runtime to
|
||||
actually run them using `trpl::join`, just like we did for the counting example
|
||||
above. Listing 17-TODO shows how that looks.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Separating `send` and `recv` into their own `async` blocks and awaiting the futures for those blocks" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs:futures}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
With these changes made, the messages get printed at one-second intervals,
|
||||
rather than all in a rush after four seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
The program still never stops running, though. That’s because of the combination
|
||||
of the `while let` loop and the `trpl::join` call. Let’s consider the way this
|
||||
loop works:
|
||||
|
||||
* The `trpl::join` future only completes once *both* futures passed to it
|
||||
have completed.
|
||||
* The `tx` future completes after sending the second message.
|
||||
* The `rx` future will not complete until the `while let` loop ends, though.
|
||||
* The `tx` future completes once it finishes sleeping after sending the last
|
||||
message in `vals`.
|
||||
* The `rx` future will not complete until the `while let` loop ends.
|
||||
* The `while let` loop will not end until `rx.recv().await` produces `None`.
|
||||
* The `rx.recv().await` will only return `None` once the other end of the
|
||||
channel is closed.
|
||||
* The channel will only close if we call `rx.close()` or when the sender side,
|
||||
`tx`, is dropped.
|
||||
* We do not call `rx.close()` anywhere, and `tx` will not be dropped until the
|
||||
function exits.
|
||||
* The function cannot exit because it is blocked on `trpl::join` completing,
|
||||
which takes us back to the top of the list!
|
||||
async block ends.
|
||||
* The block cannot end because it is blocked on `trpl::join` completing,
|
||||
which takes us back to the top of this list!
|
||||
|
||||
To solve this, then, we need to make sure the channel gets closed so that
|
||||
`trpl::join` will complete. We could manually close `rx` somewhere by calling
|
||||
`rx.close()`, but that does not make much sense in this case. The idea is that
|
||||
`rx` should keep listening until `tx` is done sending. Stopping after handling
|
||||
some arbitrary number of messages would make the program shut down, but it would
|
||||
mean we could miss messages if the sending side changed. Given that we cannot
|
||||
use `rx.close()`, we need to make sure that `tx` gets dropped *before* the end
|
||||
of the function.
|
||||
We need to make sure the channel gets closed so that `trpl::join` will complete.
|
||||
We could manually close `rx` somewhere by calling `rx.close()`, but that does
|
||||
not make much sense in this case. The idea is that `rx` should keep listening
|
||||
until `tx` is done sending. Stopping after handling some arbitrary number of
|
||||
messages would make the program shut down, but it would mean we could miss
|
||||
messages if the sending side changed. Given that we cannot use `rx.close()`, we
|
||||
need to make sure that `tx` gets dropped *before* the end of the function.
|
||||
|
||||
Right now, the async block only borrows `tx`. We can confirm this by adding
|
||||
another async block which uses `tx`, and using `trpl::join3` to wait for all
|
||||
@@ -227,7 +322,7 @@ three futures to complete:
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Adding another async block which borrows `tx`, to see that we can borrow it repeatedly" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/src/main.rs:updated}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/src/main.rs:updated}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
@@ -262,27 +357,22 @@ In Chapter 13, we learned how to use the `move` keyword with closures, and in
|
||||
Chapter 16, we saw that we often need to use closures marked with `move` when
|
||||
working with threads. As we have discovered, the same dynamics apply to async
|
||||
blocks—so the `move` keyword also works with async blocks, allowing them to take
|
||||
ownership of the data they reference.
|
||||
ownership of the data they reference. We can do that by change the first async
|
||||
block from an `async` block to an `async move` block, as in Listing 17-TODO:
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- TODO: scrap this or find it a home! -->
|
||||
Remember, any time you write a future, a runtime is ultimately responsible for
|
||||
executing it. That means that an async block might outlive the function where
|
||||
you write it, the same way a closure can.
|
||||
<!-- TODO: Through here -->
|
||||
|
||||
We can do that by making the first async block an `async move` block.
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Fixing the async mpsc channel by using `move` to take ownership of the `Sender` (`tx`)" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:move}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs:move}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The result is Listing 17-TODO, and when we run *this* version of the code, it
|
||||
shuts down gracefully after the last message is sent.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Fixing the async mpsc channel by using `move` to take ownership of the `Sender` (`tx`)" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="A working example of sending and receiving messages between futures which correctly shuts down when complete" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:move}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs:all}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
@@ -293,17 +383,16 @@ This async channel is also a multiple-producer channel, so we can call `clone`
|
||||
on `tx` if we want to send messages from multiple futures. For example, we can
|
||||
make the code from Listing 17-TODO work by cloning the `tx` before moving it
|
||||
into the first async block, moving the original `tx` into the second async
|
||||
block, and switchign back to `join3`.
|
||||
block, and switching back to `join3`.
|
||||
|
||||
<Listing number="17-TODO" caption="Using multiple producers with async blocks" file-name="src/main.rs">
|
||||
|
||||
```rust
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/src/main.rs:here}}
|
||||
{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/src/main.rs:here}}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
</Listing>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Both of these blocks need to be `async move` blocks, or else we will end up back
|
||||
in the same infinite loop we started out in.
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -338,3 +427,9 @@ example_2(|| async move { ... });
|
||||
These closures now return anonymous futures, meaning they work basically the
|
||||
same way that an async function does.
|
||||
<!-- TODO: through here -->
|
||||
|
||||
<!-- TODO: scrap this or find it a home! -->
|
||||
Remember, any time you write a future, a runtime is ultimately responsible for
|
||||
executing it. That means that an async block might outlive the function where
|
||||
you write it, the same way a closure can.
|
||||
<!-- TODO: Through here -->
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user