diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs index 7e0546bbb..a6033e599 100644 --- a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs +++ b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs @@ -1,35 +1,17 @@ // ANCHOR: all -use std::time::Duration; - fn main() { trpl::block_on(async { // ANCHOR: add-channel let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel(); // ANCHOR_END: add-channel - let tx_fut = async { - let vals = vec![ - String::from("hi"), - String::from("from"), - String::from("the"), - String::from("future"), - ]; + // ANCHOR: send-and-receive + let val = String::from("hi"); + tx.send(val).unwrap(); - for val in vals { - tx.send(val).unwrap(); - trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; - } - }; - - // ANCHOR: loop - let rx_fut = async { - while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await { - println!("received '{value}'"); - } - }; - - trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await; - // ANCHOR_END: loop + let received = rx.recv().await.unwrap(); + println!("Got: {received}"); + // ANCHOR_END: send-and-receive }); } // ANCHOR_END: all diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs index b88571997..c1b62d8e6 100644 --- a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs +++ b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs @@ -1,31 +1,31 @@ +// ANCHOR: all +// ANCHOR: many-messages use std::time::Duration; +// ANCHOR_END: many-messages fn main() { trpl::block_on(async { let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel(); - // ANCHOR: move - let tx_fut = async move { - // ANCHOR_END: move - let vals = vec![ - String::from("hi"), - String::from("from"), - String::from("the"), - String::from("future"), - ]; + // ANCHOR: many-messages + let vals = vec![ + String::from("hi"), + String::from("from"), + String::from("the"), + String::from("future"), + ]; - for val in vals { - tx.send(val).unwrap(); - trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; - } - }; + for val in vals { + tx.send(val).unwrap(); + trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; + } + // ANCHOR_END: many-messages - let rx_fut = async { - while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await { - eprintln!("received '{value}'"); - } - }; - - trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await; + // ANCHOR: loop + while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await { + println!("received '{value}'"); + } + // ANCHOR_END: loop }); } +// ANCHOR_END: all diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/Cargo.lock b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/Cargo.lock similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/Cargo.lock rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/Cargo.lock diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/Cargo.toml b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/Cargo.toml similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/Cargo.toml rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/Cargo.toml diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aeeacc546 --- /dev/null +++ b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +use std::time::Duration; + +fn main() { + trpl::block_on(async { + let (tx, mut rx) = trpl::channel(); + + // ANCHOR: futures + let tx_fut = async { + let vals = vec![ + String::from("hi"), + String::from("from"), + String::from("the"), + String::from("future"), + ]; + + for val in vals { + tx.send(val).unwrap(); + trpl::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await; + } + }; + + let rx_fut = async { + // ANCHOR: loop + while let Some(value) = rx.recv().await { + println!("received '{value}'"); + } + // ANCHOR_END: loop + }; + + trpl::join(tx_fut, rx_fut).await; + // ANCHOR_END: futures + }); +} diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/Cargo.lock b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/Cargo.lock similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/Cargo.lock rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/Cargo.lock diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/Cargo.toml b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/Cargo.toml similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/Cargo.toml rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/Cargo.toml diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/src/main.rs b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/src/main.rs similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/src/main.rs rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/src/main.rs diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.lock b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.lock new file mode 100644 index 000000000..3be4eaaa5 --- /dev/null +++ b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/Cargo.lock @@ -0,0 +1,540 @@ +# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo. +# It is not intended for manual editing. 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/dev/null +++ b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/Cargo.toml @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +[package] +name = "async_await" +version = "0.1.0" +edition = "2021" + +# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html + +[dependencies] +trpl = { path = "../../../packages/trpl" } diff --git a/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/src/main.rs b/listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/src/main.rs similarity index 100% rename from listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/src/main.rs rename to listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/src/main.rs diff --git a/src/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md b/src/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md index be5561624..bad569935 100644 --- a/src/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md +++ b/src/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md @@ -173,52 +173,147 @@ side of the channel closes. One other difference with this particular `recv()` implementation is that it returns an `Option` of the type sent over the channel instead of a `Result`. -We can start by introducing an async version of the `channel` +We can start by introducing an async version of the multiple-producer, +single-consumer channel channel API we used with threads back in Chapter 16: - - -+ ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:all}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:add-channel}} ``` -If we run this, though, it never stops! You will need to shut it down using -ctrl-c. We can see that `tx` sends all the -messages,and `rx` receives and prints them, but we never see the “Done!” -message, and the program never stops running. That’s because of the combination -of the `while let` loop and the `trpl::join` call: +Now we can send messages from the sender to the receiver. Unlike in Chapter 16, +where we needed to spawn a separate thread to allow the message passing to +happen asynchronously, here we opt into async behavior on the receiver side by +using `.await` on the `rx.recv()` call. + + ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:loop}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:send-and-receive}} ``` -Let’s consider the way this loop works: + + +The `send` call does not block, since the channel we are sending it into is +unbounded. That was true with our threading example back in Chapter 16, too, +though. The difference here is that the `rx.recv()` call here does not block the +rest of the program, whereas the one in Chapter 16 *did* block the main thread. +Instead, once the program hits the `.await` on the `rx.recv()` call, it hands +control back to the runtime, which can go on scheduling other operations until a +message arrives. It might be hard to see that from this code, though, since the +message will arrive right away! + +> Note: Since this is all wrapped in a `trpl::block_on`, this would effectively +> block anything happening outside that. That is the whole point of `block_on`, +> in fact: to allow you to *choose* where to block on some set of async code to +> transition between sync and async code. However, *within* this block, the +> `.await` does not block further operations—as we will see! + +Let’s go ahead and send a whole series of messages, and sleep in between them, +as shown in Listing 17-TODO: + ++ +```rust +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:many-messages}} +``` + + + +Then we can wait on each of those messages in a loop. Here, we need to use a +`while let` loop rather than a `for` loop, because Rust does not yet have an +async version of `Iterator`, which is what the `for` loop does. In TODO: SECTION +TITLE, we will see more about two related traits the community has been working +on, `AsyncIterator` and `Stream`. For now, we can stick with `while let`, as in +Listing 17-TODO, and the loop will end when `rx.recv().await` produces a `None`. + ++ +```rust +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:loop}} +``` + + + +This code does not do what we want. It does successfully send and receive the +messages, but instead of seeing the messages received at one-second intervals, +we see them arrive all at once, four seconds after we start the program. It +also never stops! You will need to shut it down using +ctrl-c. + +Let’s start by understanding why the messages all come in at once after the full +delay, rather than coming in with delays in between each one. This highlights an +important point about the way that async works in Rust. Within any given async +block, the await points are sequential: each one happens one after another. That +is, after all, one of the big motivations for using this syntax instead of +callbacks, event handlers, or chains of methods: the flow through the program is +much easier to follow, because having the order that `.await` keywords appear in +the *code* is also the order they happen when running the *program*. + +With that in mind, we can see why this code behaves the way it does by looking +at the whole thing all together. + ++ +```rust +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:all}} +``` + + + +There is just one async block here, so everything here will proceed linearly. +Every one of the `.await` points for the `trpl::sleep` calls appears before the +`.await` points on the `rx.recv()`, so all the `tx.send` calls happen, +interspersed with all of the `trpl::sleep` calls. Only then does the `while let` +loop get to go through all of the `.await` points on the `recv` calls. + +To get the behavior we actually want, where the delay happens in between +receiving each message, rather than before receiving any message, we need to +give put the `tx` and `rx` operations in their own async blocks, so the runtime +can execute each of them separately. We also need to tell the runtime to +actually run them using `trpl::join`, just like we did for the counting example +above. Listing 17-TODO shows how that looks. + ++ +```rust +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs:futures}} +``` + + + +With these changes made, the messages get printed at one-second intervals, +rather than all in a rush after four seconds. + +The program still never stops running, though. That’s because of the combination +of the `while let` loop and the `trpl::join` call. Let’s consider the way this +loop works: * The `trpl::join` future only completes once *both* futures passed to it have completed. -* The `tx` future completes after sending the second message. -* The `rx` future will not complete until the `while let` loop ends, though. +* The `tx` future completes once it finishes sleeping after sending the last + message in `vals`. +* The `rx` future will not complete until the `while let` loop ends. * The `while let` loop will not end until `rx.recv().await` produces `None`. * The `rx.recv().await` will only return `None` once the other end of the channel is closed. * The channel will only close if we call `rx.close()` or when the sender side, `tx`, is dropped. * We do not call `rx.close()` anywhere, and `tx` will not be dropped until the - function exits. -* The function cannot exit because it is blocked on `trpl::join` completing, - which takes us back to the top of the list! + async block ends. +* The block cannot end because it is blocked on `trpl::join` completing, + which takes us back to the top of this list! -To solve this, then, we need to make sure the channel gets closed so that -`trpl::join` will complete. We could manually close `rx` somewhere by calling -`rx.close()`, but that does not make much sense in this case. The idea is that -`rx` should keep listening until `tx` is done sending. Stopping after handling -some arbitrary number of messages would make the program shut down, but it would -mean we could miss messages if the sending side changed. Given that we cannot -use `rx.close()`, we need to make sure that `tx` gets dropped *before* the end -of the function. +We need to make sure the channel gets closed so that `trpl::join` will complete. +We could manually close `rx` somewhere by calling `rx.close()`, but that does +not make much sense in this case. The idea is that `rx` should keep listening +until `tx` is done sending. Stopping after handling some arbitrary number of +messages would make the program shut down, but it would mean we could miss +messages if the sending side changed. Given that we cannot use `rx.close()`, we +need to make sure that `tx` gets dropped *before* the end of the function. Right now, the async block only borrows `tx`. We can confirm this by adding another async block which uses `tx`, and using `trpl::join3` to wait for all @@ -227,7 +322,7 @@ three futures to complete: ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b/src/main.rs:updated}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/src/main.rs:updated}} ``` @@ -262,27 +357,22 @@ In Chapter 13, we learned how to use the `move` keyword with closures, and in Chapter 16, we saw that we often need to use closures marked with `move` when working with threads. As we have discovered, the same dynamics apply to async blocks—so the `move` keyword also works with async blocks, allowing them to take -ownership of the data they reference. +ownership of the data they reference. We can do that by change the first async +block from an `async` block to an `async move` block, as in Listing 17-TODO: - -Remember, any time you write a future, a runtime is ultimately responsible for -executing it. That means that an async block might outlive the function where -you write it, the same way a closure can. - - -We can do that by making the first async block an `async move` block. + ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:move}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs:move}} ``` The result is Listing 17-TODO, and when we run *this* version of the code, it shuts down gracefully after the last message is sent. -+ ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:move}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs:all}} ``` @@ -293,17 +383,16 @@ This async channel is also a multiple-producer channel, so we can call `clone` on `tx` if we want to send messages from multiple futures. For example, we can make the code from Listing 17-TODO work by cloning the `tx` before moving it into the first async block, moving the original `tx` into the second async -block, and switchign back to `join3`. +block, and switching back to `join3`. ```rust -{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04b2/src/main.rs:here}} +{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/src/main.rs:here}} ``` - Both of these blocks need to be `async move` blocks, or else we will end up back in the same infinite loop we started out in. @@ -338,3 +427,9 @@ example_2(|| async move { ... }); These closures now return anonymous futures, meaning they work basically the same way that an async function does. + + +Remember, any time you write a future, a runtime is ultimately responsible for +executing it. That means that an async block might outlive the function where +you write it, the same way a closure can. +