The Pin Multiplex attachment in Rev.1.10 of the R-Car V4H Series
Hardware User's Manual still has two alternate pins named both TCLK3
and TCLK4. To differentiate, the pin control driver uses "TCLK[34]" and
"TCLK[34]_X". In addition, there are alternate pins without suffix, and
with an "_A" or "_B" suffix.
Increase uniformity by adopting R-Car V4M naming:
- Rename "TCLK2_B" to "TCLK2_C",
- Rename "TCLK[12]_A" to "TCLK[12]_B",
- Rename "TCLK[12]" to "TCLK[12]_A",
- Rename "TCLK[34]_A" to "TCLK[34]_C",
- Rename "TCLK[34]_X" to "TCLK[34]_A",
- Rename "TCLK[34]" to "TCLK[34]_B".
Fixes: ad9bb2fec6 ("pinctrl: renesas: Initial R8A779G0 (R-Car V4H) PFC support")
Fixes: 0df46188a5 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing TCLKx_A/TCLKx_B/TCLKx_X")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/2845ff1f8fe1fd8d23d2f307ad5e8eb8243da608.1717754960.git.geert+renesas@glider.be
The suffixes of the IRQ identifiers for external interrupts 0-3
are inconsistent:
- "IRQ0" and "IRQ0_A",
- "IRQ1" and "IRQ1_A",
- "IRQ2" and "IRQ2_A",
- "IRQ3" and "IRQ3_B".
The suffixes for external interrupts 4 and 5 do follow conventional
naming:
- "IRQ4A" and IRQ4_B",
- "IRQ5".
Fix this by adopting R-Car V4M naming:
- Rename "IRQ[0-2]_A" to "IRQ[0-2]_B",
- Rename "IRQ[0-3]" to "IRQ[0-3]_A".
Fixes: ad9bb2fec6 ("pinctrl: renesas: Initial R8A779G0 (R-Car V4H) PFC support")
Fixes: 1b23d8a478 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing IRQx_A/IRQx_B")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/8ce9baf0a0f9346544a3ac801fd962c7c12fd247.1717754960.git.geert+renesas@glider.be
(H)SCIF instance 3 has two alternate pin groups: "hscif3" and
"hscif3_a", resp. "scif3" and "scif3_a", but the actual meanings of the
pins within the groups do not match.
Increase uniformity by adopting R-Car V4M naming:
- Rename "hscif3_a" to "hscif3_b",
- Rename "hscif3" to "hscif3_a",
- Rename "scif3" to "scif3_b".
While at it, remove unneeded separators.
Fixes: ad9bb2fec6 ("pinctrl: renesas: Initial R8A779G0 (R-Car V4H) PFC support")
Fixes: 050442ae4c ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add pins, groups and functions")
Fixes: 213b713255 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing HSCIF3_A")
Fixes: 49e4697656 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing SCIF3")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/61fdde58e369e8070ffd3c5811c089e6219c7ecc.1717754960.git.geert+renesas@glider.be
The Pin Multiplex attachment in Rev.1.10 of the R-Car V4H Series
Hardware User's Manual still has two alternate pin groups (GP0_14-18
and GP1_6-10) each named both HSCIF1 and SCIF1. To differentiate, the
pin control driver uses "(h)scif1" and "(h)scif1_x", which were
considered temporary names until the conflict was sorted out.
Fix this by adopting R-Car V4M naming:
- Rename "(h)scif1" to "(h)scif1_a",
- Rename "(h)scif1_x" to "(h)scif1_b".
Adopt the R-Car V4M naming "(h)scif1_a" and "(h)scif1_b" to increase
uniformity.
While at it, remove unneeded separators.
Fixes: ad9bb2fec6 ("pinctrl: renesas: Initial R8A779G0 (R-Car V4H) PFC support")
Fixes: 050442ae4c ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add pins, groups and functions")
Fixes: cf4f789184 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing HSCIF1_X")
Fixes: 9c151c2be9 ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing SCIF1_X")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/5009130d1867e12abf9b231c8838fd05e2b28bee.1717754960.git.geert+renesas@glider.be
The Pin Multiplex attachment in Rev.1.10 of the R-Car V4H Series
Hardware User's Manual still has two alternate pins named both
"FXR_TXEN[AB]". To differentiate, the pin control driver uses
"FXR_TXEN[AB]" and "FXR_TXEN[AB]_X", which were considered temporary
names until the conflict was sorted out.
Fix this by adopting R-Car V4M naming:
- Rename "FXR_TXEN[AB]" to "FXR_TXEN[AB]_A",
- Rename "FXR_TXEN[AB]_X" to "FXR_TXEN[AB]_B".
Fixes: ad9bb2fec6 ("pinctrl: renesas: Initial R8A779G0 (R-Car V4H) PFC support")
Fixes: 1c2646b5ce ("pinctrl: renesas: r8a779g0: Add missing FlexRay")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/5e1e9abb46c311d4c54450d991072d6d0e66f14c.1717754960.git.geert+renesas@glider.be
The `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE` macro did not indicate the capabilities of a pin
but served as a flag indicating that the pins of a port have different
capabilities.
To better reflect its purpose, move the `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE` macro beside
`RZG2L_SINGLE_PIN` and rename it to `RZG2L_VARIABLE_CFG`. Additionally,
introduce new macros for packing variable port configurations:
- `RZG2L_GPIO_PORT_PACK_VARIABLE(n, a)`: Combines `RZG2L_VARIABLE_CFG`
with `RZG2L_GPIO_PORT_PACK` to handle variable pin configurations
for a packed port.
- `RZG2L_GPIO_PORT_SPARSE_PACK_VARIABLE(m, a)`: Combines
`RZG2L_VARIABLE_CFG` with `RZG2L_GPIO_PORT_SPARSE_PACK` to handle
variable pin configurations for a sparse port.
Due to the above change the configuration macros have been reorganized
as follows:
- Shift the bit positions of `PIN_CFG_NOGPIO_INT`, `PIN_CFG_NOD`,
`PIN_CFG_SMT`, `PIN_CFG_ELC`, and `PIN_CFG_IOLH_RZV2H` down by one
to accommodate the removal of `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE`.
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Tested-by: Claudiu Beznea <claudiu.beznea.uj@bp.renesas.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240618174831.415583-5-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Shift the bit masks for `PIN_CFG_PIN_MAP_MASK` and `PIN_CFG_PIN_REG_MASK`,
to accommodate `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE` using `BIT(62)`.
Previously, these bit masks were placed higher up in the bit range, which
did not leave room for `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE` at `BIT(62)`. By adjusting these
masks, we ensure that `PIN_CFG_VARIABLE` can occupy `BIT(62)` without any
conflicts. The updated masks are now:
- `PIN_CFG_PIN_MAP_MASK`: `GENMASK_ULL(61, 54)` (was `GENMASK_ULL(62, 55)`)
- `PIN_CFG_PIN_REG_MASK`: `GENMASK_ULL(53, 46)` (was `GENMASK_ULL(54, 47)`)
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Tested-by: Claudiu Beznea <claudiu.beznea.uj@bp.renesas.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240618174831.415583-3-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Add documentation for the pin controller found on the Renesas RZ/V2H(P)
(R9A09G057) SoC. The RZ/V2H PFC varies slightly compared to the RZ/G2L
family:
- Additional bits need to be set during pinmuxing,
- The GPIO pin count is different.
Hence, a SoC-specific compatible string, 'renesas,r9a09g057-pinctrl', is
added for the RZ/V2H(P) SoC.
Also, add the 'renesas,output-impedance' property. The drive strength
settings on RZ/V2H(P) depend on the different power rails coming out from
the PMIC (connected via I2C). These power rails (required for drive
strength) can be 1.2V, 1.8V, or 3.3V.
Pins are grouped into 4 groups:
Group 1: Impedance
- 150/75/38/25 ohms (at 3.3V)
- 130/65/33/22 ohms (at 1.8V)
Group 2: Impedance
- 50/40/33/25 ohms (at 1.8V)
Group 3: Impedance
- 150/75/37.5/25 ohms (at 3.3V)
- 130/65/33/22 ohms (at 1.8V)
Group 4: Impedance
- 110/55/30/20 ohms (at 1.8V)
- 150/75/38/25 ohms (at 1.2V)
The 'renesas,output-impedance' property, as documented, can be
[0, 1, 2, 3], these correspond to register bit values that can
be set in the PFC_IOLH_mn register, which adjusts the drive
strength value and is pin-dependent.
As power rail information may not be available very early in the boot
process, the 'renesas,output-impedance' property is added instead of
reusing the 'output-impedance-ohms' property.
Also, allow bias-disable, bias-pull-down and bias-pull-up properties
as these can be used to configure the pins.
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Reviewed-by: Rob Herring (Arm) <robh@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240606085133.632307-1-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Add support to configure bias-disable, bias-pull-up, and bias-pull-down
properties of the pin.
Two new function pointers, hw_to_bias_param() and bias_param_to_hw(),
are introduced in the struct rzg2l_pinctrl_data to configure bias
settings, as the values in the PUPD register differ when compared to the
RZ/G2L family and the RZ/V2H(P) SoC.
Value | RZ/G2L | RZ/V2H
---------------------------------
00b: | Bias Disabled | Pull up/down disabled
01b: | Pull-up | Pull up/down disabled
10b: | Pull-down | Pull-down
11b: | Prohibited | Pull-up
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240530173857.164073-12-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Introduce function pointers oen_read() and oen_write(), in the struct
rzg2l_pinctrl_data to facilitate reading and writing to the PFC_OEN
register. On the RZ/V2H(P) SoC, unlocking the PWPR.REGWE_B bit before
writing to the PFC_OEN register is necessary, and the PFC_OEN register
has more bits compared to the RZ/G2L family. To handle these
differences between RZ/G2L and RZ/V2H(P) and to reuse the existing code
for RZ/V2H(P), these function pointers are introduced.
Additionally, populate these function pointers with appropriate data for
existing SoCs.
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Tested-by: Claudiu Beznea <claudiu.beznea.uj@bp.renesas.com> # on RZ/G3S
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240530173857.164073-10-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Introduces pmc_writeb() function pointer, in the struct
rzg2l_pinctrl_data to facilitate writing to the PMC register. On the
RZ/V2H(P) SoC, unlocking the PWPR.REGWE_A bit before writing to PMC
registers is required, whereas this is not the case for the existing
RZ/G2L family. This addition enables the reuse of existing code for
RZ/V2H(P). Additionally, populate this function pointer with
appropriate data for existing SoCs.
Note that this functionality is only handled in rzg2l_gpio_request(), as
PMC unlock/lock during PFC setup will be taken care of in the
pwpr_pfc_lock_unlock() function pointer.
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Tested-by: Claudiu Beznea <claudiu.beznea.uj@bp.renesas.com> # on RZ/G3S
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240530173857.164073-9-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
On the RZ/G2L SoC, the PFCWE bit controls writing to PFC registers.
However, on the RZ/V2H(P) SoC, the PFCWE (REGWE_A on RZ/V2H) bit controls
writing to both PFC and PMC registers. Additionally, BIT(7) B0WI is
undocumented for the PWPR register on RZ/V2H(P) SoC. To accommodate these
differences across SoC variants, introduce the pwpr_pfc_lock_unlock()
function pointer.
Note, in rzg2l_pinctrl_set_pfc_mode() the pwpr_pfc_lock_unlock(.., false)
is now called before PMC read/write and pwpr_pfc_lock_unlock(.., true) is
now called after PMC read/write this is to keep changes minimal for
RZ/V2H(P) SoC.
Signed-off-by: Lad Prabhakar <prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Tested-by: Claudiu Beznea <claudiu.beznea.uj@bp.renesas.com> # on RZ/G3S
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240530173857.164073-8-prabhakar.mahadev-lad.rj@bp.renesas.com
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
percpu.h depends on smp.h, but doesn't include it directly because of
circular header dependency issues; percpu.h is needed in a bunch of low
level headers.
This fixes a randconfig build error on mips:
include/linux/alloc_tag.h: In function '__alloc_tag_ref_set':
include/asm-generic/percpu.h:31:40: error: implicit declaration of function 'raw_smp_processor_id' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
Reported-by: kernel test robot <lkp@intel.com>
Fixes: 24e44cc22a ("mm: percpu: enable per-cpu allocation tagging")
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/oe-kbuild-all/202405210052.DIrMXJNz-lkp@intel.com/
Signed-off-by: Kent Overstreet <kent.overstreet@linux.dev>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Pull perf tool fix from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:
"Revert a patch causing a regression.
This made a simple 'perf record -e cycles:pp make -j199' stop working
on the Ampere ARM64 system Linus uses to test ARM64 kernels".
* tag 'perf-tools-fixes-for-v6.10-1-2024-05-26' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/perf/perf-tools:
Revert "perf parse-events: Prefer sysfs/JSON hardware events over legacy"
Pull smb client fixes from Steve French:
- two important netfs integration fixes - including for a data
corruption and also fixes for multiple xfstests
- reenable swap support over SMB3
* tag '6.10-rc-smb3-fixes-part2' of git://git.samba.org/sfrench/cifs-2.6:
cifs: Fix missing set of remote_i_size
cifs: Fix smb3_insert_range() to move the zero_point
cifs: update internal version number
smb3: reenable swapfiles over SMB3 mounts
Pull misc fixes from Andrew Morton:
"16 hotfixes, 11 of which are cc:stable.
A few nilfs2 fixes, the remainder are for MM: a couple of selftests
fixes, various singletons fixing various issues in various parts"
* tag 'mm-hotfixes-stable-2024-05-25-09-13' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm:
mm/ksm: fix possible UAF of stable_node
mm/memory-failure: fix handling of dissolved but not taken off from buddy pages
mm: /proc/pid/smaps_rollup: avoid skipping vma after getting mmap_lock again
nilfs2: fix potential hang in nilfs_detach_log_writer()
nilfs2: fix unexpected freezing of nilfs_segctor_sync()
nilfs2: fix use-after-free of timer for log writer thread
selftests/mm: fix build warnings on ppc64
arm64: patching: fix handling of execmem addresses
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix bogus test success and reduce probability of OOM-killer invocation
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix incorrect write of zero to nr_hugepages
selftests/mm: compaction_test: fix bogus test success on Aarch64
mailmap: update email address for Satya Priya
mm/huge_memory: don't unpoison huge_zero_folio
kasan, fortify: properly rename memintrinsics
lib: add version into /proc/allocinfo output
mm/vmalloc: fix vmalloc which may return null if called with __GFP_NOFAIL
Pull irq fixes from Ingo Molnar:
- Fix x86 IRQ vector leak caused by a CPU offlining race
- Fix build failure in the riscv-imsic irqchip driver
caused by an API-change semantic conflict
- Fix use-after-free in irq_find_at_or_after()
* tag 'irq-urgent-2024-05-25' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
genirq/irqdesc: Prevent use-after-free in irq_find_at_or_after()
genirq/cpuhotplug, x86/vector: Prevent vector leak during CPU offline
irqchip/riscv-imsic: Fixup riscv_ipi_set_virq_range() conflict
Pull x86 fixes from Ingo Molnar:
- Fix regressions of the new x86 CPU VFM (vendor/family/model)
enumeration/matching code
- Fix crash kernel detection on buggy firmware with
non-compliant ACPI MADT tables
- Address Kconfig warning
* tag 'x86-urgent-2024-05-25' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/cpu: Fix x86_match_cpu() to match just X86_VENDOR_INTEL
crypto: x86/aes-xts - switch to new Intel CPU model defines
x86/topology: Handle bogus ACPI tables correctly
x86/kconfig: Select ARCH_WANT_FRAME_POINTERS again when UNWINDER_FRAME_POINTER=y
Pull ipmi updates from Corey Minyard:
"Mostly updates for deprecated interfaces, platform.remove and
converting from a tasklet to a BH workqueue.
Also use HAS_IOPORT for disabling inb()/outb()"
* tag 'for-linus-6.10-1' of https://github.com/cminyard/linux-ipmi:
ipmi: kcs_bmc_npcm7xx: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
ipmi: kcs_bmc_aspeed: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
ipmi: ipmi_ssif: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
ipmi: ipmi_si_platform: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
ipmi: ipmi_powernv: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
ipmi: bt-bmc: Convert to platform remove callback returning void
char: ipmi: handle HAS_IOPORT dependencies
ipmi: Convert from tasklet to BH workqueue
Pull ceph updates from Ilya Dryomov:
"A series from Xiubo that adds support for additional access checks
based on MDS auth caps which were recently made available to clients.
This is needed to prevent scenarios where the MDS quietly discards
updates that a UID-restricted client previously (wrongfully) acked to
the user.
Other than that, just a documentation fixup"
* tag 'ceph-for-6.10-rc1' of https://github.com/ceph/ceph-client:
doc: ceph: update userspace command to get CephFS metadata
ceph: add CEPHFS_FEATURE_MDS_AUTH_CAPS_CHECK feature bit
ceph: check the cephx mds auth access for async dirop
ceph: check the cephx mds auth access for open
ceph: check the cephx mds auth access for setattr
ceph: add ceph_mds_check_access() helper
ceph: save cap_auths in MDS client when session is opened
Pull ntfs3 updates from Konstantin Komarov:
"Fixes:
- reusing of the file index (could cause the file to be trimmed)
- infinite dir enumeration
- taking DOS names into account during link counting
- le32_to_cpu conversion, 32 bit overflow, NULL check
- some code was refactored
Changes:
- removed max link count info display during driver init
Remove:
- atomic_open has been removed for lack of use"
* tag 'ntfs3_for_6.10' of https://github.com/Paragon-Software-Group/linux-ntfs3:
fs/ntfs3: Break dir enumeration if directory contents error
fs/ntfs3: Fix case when index is reused during tree transformation
fs/ntfs3: Mark volume as dirty if xattr is broken
fs/ntfs3: Always make file nonresident on fallocate call
fs/ntfs3: Redesign ntfs_create_inode to return error code instead of inode
fs/ntfs3: Use variable length array instead of fixed size
fs/ntfs3: Use 64 bit variable to avoid 32 bit overflow
fs/ntfs3: Check 'folio' pointer for NULL
fs/ntfs3: Missed le32_to_cpu conversion
fs/ntfs3: Remove max link count info display during driver init
fs/ntfs3: Taking DOS names into account during link counting
fs/ntfs3: remove atomic_open
fs/ntfs3: use kcalloc() instead of kzalloc()
Pull smb server fixes from Steve French:
"Two ksmbd server fixes, both for stable"
* tag '6.10-rc-ksmbd-server-fixes' of git://git.samba.org/ksmbd:
ksmbd: ignore trailing slashes in share paths
ksmbd: avoid to send duplicate oplock break notifications
Pull RTC updates from Alexandre Belloni:
"There is one new driver and then most of the changes are the device
tree bindings conversions to yaml.
New driver:
- Epson RX8111
Drivers:
- Many Device Tree bindings conversions to dtschema
- pcf8563: wakeup-source support"
* tag 'rtc-6.10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/abelloni/linux:
pcf8563: add wakeup-source support
rtc: rx8111: handle VLOW flag
rtc: rx8111: demote warnings to debug level
rtc: rx6110: Constify struct regmap_config
dt-bindings: rtc: convert trivial devices into dtschema
dt-bindings: rtc: stmp3xxx-rtc: convert to dtschema
dt-bindings: rtc: pxa-rtc: convert to dtschema
rtc: Add driver for Epson RX8111
dt-bindings: rtc: Add Epson RX8111
rtc: mcp795: drop unneeded MODULE_ALIAS
rtc: nuvoton: Modify part number value
rtc: test: Split rtc unit test into slow and normal speed test
dt-bindings: rtc: nxp,lpc1788-rtc: convert to dtschema
dt-bindings: rtc: digicolor-rtc: move to trivial-rtc
dt-bindings: rtc: alphascale,asm9260-rtc: convert to dtschema
dt-bindings: rtc: armada-380-rtc: convert to dtschema
rtc: cros-ec: provide ID table for avoiding fallback match
Pull i3c updates from Alexandre Belloni:
"Runtime PM (power management) is improved and hot-join support has
been added to the dw controller driver.
Core:
- Allow device driver to trigger controller runtime PM
Drivers:
- dw: hot-join support
- svc: better IBI handling"
* tag 'i3c/for-6.10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/i3c/linux:
i3c: dw: Add hot-join support.
i3c: master: Enable runtime PM for master controller
i3c: master: svc: fix invalidate IBI type and miss call client IBI handler
i3c: master: svc: change ENXIO to EAGAIN when IBI occurs during start frame
i3c: Add comment for -EAGAIN in i3c_device_do_priv_xfers()
