Add support for userspace to request a list of observed faults
from a specified VM.
v2:
- Only allow querying of failed pagefaults (Matt Brost)
v3:
- Remove unnecessary size parameter from helper function, as it
is a property of the arguments. (jcavitt)
- Remove unnecessary copy_from_user (Jainxun)
- Set address_precision to 1 (Jainxun)
- Report max size instead of dynamic size for memory allocation
purposes. Total memory usage is reported separately.
v4:
- Return int from xe_vm_get_property_size (Shuicheng)
- Fix memory leak (Shuicheng)
- Remove unnecessary size variable (jcavitt)
v5:
- Rename ioctl to xe_vm_get_faults_ioctl (jcavitt)
- Update fill_property_pfs to eliminate need for kzalloc (Jianxun)
v6:
- Repair and move fill_faults break condition (Dan Carpenter)
- Free vm after use (jcavitt)
- Combine assertions (jcavitt)
- Expand size check in xe_vm_get_faults_ioctl (jcavitt)
- Remove return mask from fill_faults, as return is already -EFAULT or 0
(jcavitt)
v7:
- Revert back to using xe_vm_get_property_ioctl
- Apply better copy_to_user logic (jcavitt)
v8:
- Fix and clean up error value handling in ioctl (jcavitt)
- Reapply return mask for fill_faults (jcavitt)
v9:
- Future-proof size logic for zero-size properties (jcavitt)
- Add access and fault types (Jianxun)
- Remove address type (Jianxun)
v10:
- Remove unnecessary switch case logic (Raag)
- Compress size get, size validation, and property fill functions into a
single helper function (jcavitt)
- Assert valid size (jcavitt)
v11:
- Remove unnecessary else condition
- Correct backwards helper function size logic (jcavitt)
v12:
- Use size_t instead of int (Raag)
v13:
- Remove engine class and instance (Ivan)
v14:
- Map access type, fault type, and fault level to user macros (Matt
Brost, Ivan)
v15:
- Remove unnecessary size assertion (jcavitt)
v16:
- Nit fixes (Matt Brost)
v17:
- Rebase and refactor (jcavitt)
v18:
- Do not copy_to_user in critical section (Matt Brost)
- Assert args->size is multiple of sizeof(struct xe_vm_fault) (Matt
Brost)
v19:
- Remove unnecessary memset (Matt Brost)
v20:
- Report canonicalized address (Jose)
- Mask out prefetch data from access type (Jose, jcavitt)
v21:
- s/uAPI/Link in the commit log links
- Align debug parameters
Link: https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/pull/878
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Cavitt <jonathan.cavitt@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Acked-by: Michal Mrozek <michal.mrozek@intel.com>
Cc: Jainxun Zhang <jianxun.zhang@intel.com>
Cc: Shuicheng Lin <shuicheng.lin@intel.com>
Cc: Raag Jadav <raag.jadav@intel.com>
Cc: Ivan Briano <ivan.briano@intel.com>
Cc: Jose Souza <jose.souza@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260324152935.72444-10-jonathan.cavitt@intel.com
Add additional information to each VM so they can report up to the first
50 seen faults. Only pagefaults are saved this way currently, though in
the future, all faults should be tracked by the VM for future reporting.
Additionally, of the pagefaults reported, only failed pagefaults are
saved this way, as successful pagefaults should recover silently and not
need to be reported to userspace.
v2:
- Free vm after use (Shuicheng)
- Compress pf copy logic (Shuicheng)
- Update fault_unsuccessful before storing (Shuicheng)
- Fix old struct name in comments (Shuicheng)
- Keep first 50 pagefaults instead of last 50 (Jianxun)
v3:
- Avoid unnecessary execution by checking MAX_PFS earlier (jcavitt)
- Fix double-locking error (jcavitt)
- Assert kmemdump is successful (Shuicheng)
v4:
- Rename xe_vm.pfs to xe_vm.faults (jcavitt)
- Store fault data and not pagefault in xe_vm faults list (jcavitt)
- Store address, address type, and address precision per fault (jcavitt)
- Store engine class and instance data per fault (Jianxun)
- Add and fix kernel docs (Michal W)
- Properly handle kzalloc error (Michal W)
- s/MAX_PFS/MAX_FAULTS_SAVED_PER_VM (Michal W)
- Store fault level per fault (Micahl M)
v5:
- Store fault and access type instead of address type (Jianxun)
v6:
- Store pagefaults in non-fault-mode VMs as well (Jianxun)
v7:
- Fix kernel docs and comments (Michal W)
v8:
- Fix double-locking issue (Jianxun)
v9:
- Do not report faults from reserved engines (Jianxun)
v10:
- Remove engine class and instance (Ivan)
v11:
- Perform kzalloc outside of lock (Auld)
v12:
- Fix xe_vm_fault_entry kernel docs (Shuicheng)
v13:
- Rebase and refactor (jcavitt)
v14:
- Correctly ignore fault mode in save_pagefault_to_vm (jcavitt)
v15:
- s/save_pagefault_to_vm/xe_pagefault_save_to_vm (Matt Brost)
- Use guard instead of spin_lock/unlock (Matt Brost)
- GT was added to xe_pagefault struct. Use xe_gt_hw_engine
instead of creating a new helper function (Matt Brost)
v16:
- Set address precision programmatically (Matt Brost)
v17:
- Set address precision to fixed value (Matt Brost)
v18:
- s/uAPI/Link in commit log links
- Use kzalloc_obj
Link: https://github.com/intel/compute-runtime/pull/878
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Cavitt <jonathan.cavitt@intel.com>
Suggested-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Cc: Shuicheng Lin <shuicheng.lin@intel.com>
Cc: Jianxun Zhang <jianxun.zhang@intel.com>
Cc: Michal Wajdeczko <Michal.Wajdeczko@intel.com>
Cc: Michal Mzorek <michal.mzorek@intel.com>
Cc: Ivan Briano <ivan.briano@intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Auld <matthew.auld@intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260324152935.72444-9-jonathan.cavitt@intel.com
During 3D workload, user is reporting hitting:
[ 413.361679] WARNING: drivers/gpu/drm/xe/xe_vm.c:1217 at vm_bind_ioctl_ops_unwind+0x1e2/0x2e0 [xe], CPU#7: vkd3d_queue/9925
[ 413.361944] CPU: 7 UID: 1000 PID: 9925 Comm: vkd3d_queue Kdump: loaded Not tainted 7.0.0-070000rc3-generic #202603090038 PREEMPT(lazy)
[ 413.361949] RIP: 0010:vm_bind_ioctl_ops_unwind+0x1e2/0x2e0 [xe]
[ 413.362074] RSP: 0018:ffffd4c25c3df930 EFLAGS: 00010282
[ 413.362077] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: ffff8f3ee817ed10 RCX: 0000000000000000
[ 413.362078] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000000000000 RDI: 0000000000000000
[ 413.362079] RBP: ffffd4c25c3df980 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000
[ 413.362081] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: ffff8f41fbf99380
[ 413.362082] R13: ffff8f3ee817e968 R14: 00000000ffffffef R15: ffff8f43d00bd380
[ 413.362083] FS: 00000001040ff6c0(0000) GS:ffff8f4696d89000(0000) knlGS:00000000330b0000
[ 413.362085] CS: 0010 DS: 002b ES: 002b CR0: 0000000080050033
[ 413.362086] CR2: 00007ddfc4747000 CR3: 00000002e6262005 CR4: 0000000000f72ef0
[ 413.362088] PKRU: 55555554
[ 413.362089] Call Trace:
[ 413.362092] <TASK>
[ 413.362096] xe_vm_bind_ioctl+0xa9a/0xc60 [xe]
Which seems to hint that the vma we are re-inserting for the ops unwind
is either invalid or overlapping with something already inserted in the
vm. It shouldn't be invalid since this is a re-insertion, so must have
worked before. Leaving the likely culprit as something already placed
where we want to insert the vma.
Following from that, for the case where we do something like a rebind in
the middle of a vma, and one or both mapped ends are already compatible,
we skip doing the rebind of those vma and set next/prev to NULL. As well
as then adjust the original unmap va range, to avoid unmapping the ends.
However, if we trigger the unwind path, we end up with three va, with
the two ends never being removed and the original va range in the middle
still being the shrunken size.
If this occurs, one failure mode is when another unwind op needs to
interact with that range, which can happen with a vector of binds. For
example, if we need to re-insert something in place of the original va.
In this case the va is still the shrunken version, so when removing it
and then doing a re-insert it can overlap with the ends, which were
never removed, triggering a warning like above, plus leaving the vm in a
bad state.
With that, we need two things here:
1) Stop nuking the prev/next tracking for the skip cases. Instead
relying on checking for skip prev/next, where needed. That way on the
unwind path, we now correctly remove both ends.
2) Undo the unmap va shrinkage, on the unwind path. With the two ends
now removed the unmap va should expand back to the original size again,
before re-insertion.
v2:
- Update the explanation in the commit message, based on an actual IGT of
triggering this issue, rather than conjecture.
- Also undo the unmap shrinkage, for the skip case. With the two ends
now removed, the original unmap va range should expand back to the
original range.
v3:
- Track the old start/range separately. vma_size/start() uses the va
info directly.
Link: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/drm/xe/kernel/-/issues/7602
Fixes: 8f33b4f054 ("drm/xe: Avoid doing rebinds")
Signed-off-by: Matthew Auld <matthew.auld@intel.com>
Cc: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # v6.8+
Reviewed-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260318100208.78097-2-matthew.auld@intel.com
For link encoders without HPD (analog or LVDS), add a
link_encoder_funcs structure with no hpd enable callbacks.
The enable and disable hpd callbacks are currently not used
outside of a special case in debugfs which checks if the hpd
is valid before using it, but this will protect us if they
ever are.
Reviewed-by: Srinivasan Shanmugam <srinivasan.shanmugam@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Reorganise the amdgpu_eviction_fence_suspend_worker code so
schedule_delayed_work is the last thing we do after amdgpu_userq_evict
is complete and the eviction fence is signalled.
Suggested-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Sunil Khatri <sunil.khatri@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
The function amdgpu_fence_driver_init() was renamed to
amdgpu_fence_driver_sw_init() by commit 067f44c8b4
("drm/amdgpu: avoid over-handle of fence driver fini in s3
test (v2)"). Update the stale reference in the
amdgpu_fence_driver_init_ring() kdoc.
Assisted-by: unnamed:deepseek-v3.2 coccinelle
Signed-off-by: Kexin Sun <kexinsun@smail.nju.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Using a ',' in place of a ';' can have unintended side effects.
Although that is not the case here, it seems best to use ';'
unless ',' is intended.
Found by inspection.
No functional change intended.
Compile tested only.
Signed-off-by: Chen Ni <nichen@iscas.ac.cn>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
During a GPU page fault, the driver restores the SVM range and then maps it
into the GPU page tables. The current implementation passes a GPU-page-size
(4K-based) PFN to svm_range_restore_pages() to restore the range.
SVM ranges are tracked using system-page-size PFNs. On systems where the
system page size is larger than 4K, using GPU-page-size PFNs to restore the
range causes two problems:
Range lookup fails:
Because the restore function receives PFNs in GPU (4K) units, the SVM
range lookup does not find the existing range. This will result in a
duplicate SVM range being created.
VMA lookup failure:
The restore function also tries to locate the VMA for the faulting address.
It converts the GPU-page-size PFN into an address using the system page
size, which results in an incorrect address on non-4K page-size systems.
As a result, the VMA lookup fails with the message: "address 0xxxx VMA is
removed".
This patch passes the system-page-size PFN to svm_range_restore_pages() so
that the SVM range is restored correctly on non-4K page systems.
Acked-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Donet Tom <donettom@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
The function vblank_control_worker() was renamed
to amdgpu_dm_crtc_vblank_control_worker() by commit
6ce4f9ee25 ("drm/amd/display: Add prefix to amdgpu crtc
functions"). Update the two stale references in
amdgpu_dm.c.
Assisted-by: unnamed:deepseek-v3.2 coccinelle
Signed-off-by: Kexin Sun <kexinsun@smail.nju.edu.cn>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
In function amdgpu_userq_restore_worker we dont need to use
goto as we already in the end of function and it will exit
naturally.
Signed-off-by: Sunil Khatri <sunil.khatri@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Add a PSP SOS firmware compatibility check before enabling VCN per-queue
reset on vcn_v4_0_3.
Per review, program check is sufficient: when PSP SOS program is 0x01,
require fw version >= 0x0036015f; otherwise allow per-queue reset.
Reviewed-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Zhang <Jesse.zhang@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Extend the VCN reset capability to include pgm=4 variants when the
firmware version meets the required threshold (>= 0x04557100). This
follows the existing pattern for pgm=0 and pgm=7, ensuring that VCN
reset is enabled only on configurations where it is supported by the
firmware.
Reviewed-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Acked-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Zhang <jesse.zhang@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
amdgpu_acpi_get_tmr_info() returns the full TMR region size, not the IP
discovery table size. Using tmr_size as discovery.size can lead to oversized
allocations and probe failure.
In the ACPI fallback path, keep discovery.size as DISCOVERY_TMR_SIZE and only
use ACPI data for offset calculation.
Fixes: 01bdc7e219 ("drm/amdgpu: New interface to get IP discovery binary v3")
Reviewed-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Suggested-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Jesse Zhang <jesse.zhang@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Add dedicated SMU Dram MSG mapping to avoid conflicts
in SMU IP v15 common code for upcoming ASICs.
add new smu msg:
- SMU_MSG_SetDriverDramAddr
- SMU_MSG_SetToolsDramAddr
Signed-off-by: Yang Wang <kevinyang.wang@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Asad Kamal <asad.kamal@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Forcibly disable the OD_FAN_CURVE feature when temperature or PWM range is invalid,
otherwise PMFW will reject this configuration on smu v14.0.2/14.0.3.
example:
$ sudo cat /sys/bus/pci/devices/<BDF>/gpu_od/fan_ctrl/fan_curve
OD_FAN_CURVE:
0: 0C 0%
1: 0C 0%
2: 0C 0%
3: 0C 0%
4: 0C 0%
OD_RANGE:
FAN_CURVE(hotspot temp): 0C 0C
FAN_CURVE(fan speed): 0% 0%
$ echo "0 50 40" | sudo tee fan_curve
kernel log:
[ 969.761627] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: Fan curve temp setting(50) must be within [0, 0]!
[ 1010.897800] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: Fan curve temp setting(50) must be within [0, 0]!
Signed-off-by: Yang Wang <kevinyang.wang@amd.com>
Acked-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
In kfd_ioctl_create_process(), the pointer 'p' is used before checking
if it is NULL.
The code accesses p->context_id before validating 'p'. This can lead
to a possible NULL pointer dereference.
Move the NULL check before using 'p' so that the pointer is validated
before access.
Fixes the below:
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/../amdkfd/kfd_chardev.c:3177 kfd_ioctl_create_process() warn: variable dereferenced before check 'p' (see line 3174)
Fixes: cc6b66d661 ("amdkfd: introduce new ioctl AMDKFD_IOC_CREATE_PROCESS")
Cc: Zhu Lingshan <lingshan.zhu@amd.com>
Cc: Felix Kuehling <felix.kuehling@amd.com>
Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Srinivasan Shanmugam <srinivasan.shanmugam@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
amdgpu_amdkfd_submit_ib() submits a GPU job and gets a fence
from amdgpu_ib_schedule(). This fence is used to wait for job
completion.
Currently, the code drops the fence reference using dma_fence_put()
before calling dma_fence_wait().
If dma_fence_put() releases the last reference, the fence may be
freed before dma_fence_wait() is called. This can lead to a
use-after-free.
Fix this by waiting on the fence first and releasing the reference
only after dma_fence_wait() completes.
Fixes the below:
drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_amdkfd.c:697 amdgpu_amdkfd_submit_ib() warn: passing freed memory 'f' (line 696)
Fixes: 9ae55f030d ("drm/amdgpu: Follow up change to previous drm scheduler change.")
Cc: Felix Kuehling <Felix.Kuehling@amd.com>
Cc: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@linaro.org>
Cc: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Cc: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Srinivasan Shanmugam <srinivasan.shanmugam@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Christian König <christian.koenig@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Now that we have implemented all the related missing bits we can enable
the AuxCCS compressed modifiers which were disabled in
cf48bddd31 ("drm/i915/display: Disable AuxCCS framebuffers if built for Xe").
Tested with KDE Wayland, on Lenovo Carbon X1 ADL-P:
[PLANE:32:plane 1A]: type=PRI
uapi: [FB:242] AR30 little-endian (0x30335241),0x100000000000008,2880x1800, visible=visible, src=28
hw: [FB:242] AR30 little-endian (0x30335241),0x100000000000008,2880x1800, visible=yes, src=2880.000
Display is working fine - no artefacts, no DMAR/PIPE faults.
v2:
* Adjust patch title. (Rodrigo)
v3:
* Complete rewrite based on the display parent interface.
Signed-off-by: Tvrtko Ursulin <tvrtko.ursulin@igalia.com>
References: cf48bddd31 ("drm/i915/display: Disable AuxCCS framebuffers if built for Xe")
Cc: Jani Nikula <jani.nikula@intel.com>
Cc: José Roberto de Souza <jose.souza@intel.com>
Cc: Juha-Pekka Heikkila <juhapekka.heikkila@gmail.com>
Cc: Rodrigo Vivi <rodrigo.vivi@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Rodrigo Vivi <rodrigo.vivi@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260324084018.20353-13-tvrtko.ursulin@igalia.com
Signed-off-by: Rodrigo Vivi <rodrigo.vivi@intel.com>
The fallback case for DPT backing store is a buffer object in system
memory buffer, which by default use a write-back CPU caching policy.
If this fallback gets triggered, and since there is currently no flushing,
the DPT writes made when pinning a buffer to display are not guaranteed to
be seen by the display engine.
To fix this, since both the local memory and the stolen memory DPT
placements already use write-combine, let us make the system memory option
follow suit by passing down the appropriate flag.
Signed-off-by: Tvrtko Ursulin <tvrtko.ursulin@igalia.com>
Suggested-by: Ville Syrjälä <ville.syrjala@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Rodrigo Vivi <rodrigo.vivi@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260324084018.20353-3-tvrtko.ursulin@igalia.com
Signed-off-by: Rodrigo Vivi <rodrigo.vivi@intel.com>
Our xe-vfio-pci component relies on the confirmation from the PF
that VF FLR processing has finished, but due to the notification
latency on the HW/FW side, PF might be unaware yet of the already
triggered VF FLR.
Update VF state machine with new FLR_PREPARE state that indicate
imminent VF FLR notification and treat that as a begin of the FLR
sequence. Also introduce function that xe-vfio-pci should call to
guarantee correct synchronization.
v2: move PREPARE into WIP, update commit msg (Michal)
Signed-off-by: Piotr Piórkowski <piotr.piorkowski@intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Michal Wajdeczko <michal.wajdeczko@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Michal Wajdeczko <michal.wajdeczko@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Michał Winiarski <michal.winiarski@intel.com>
Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260309152449.910636-2-piotr.piorkowski@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Michał Winiarski <michal.winiarski@intel.com>
Forcibly disable the OD_FAN_CURVE feature when temperature or PWM range is invalid,
otherwise PMFW will reject this configuration on smu v13.0.x
example:
$ sudo cat /sys/bus/pci/devices/<BDF>/gpu_od/fan_ctrl/fan_curve
OD_FAN_CURVE:
0: 0C 0%
1: 0C 0%
2: 0C 0%
3: 0C 0%
4: 0C 0%
OD_RANGE:
FAN_CURVE(hotspot temp): 0C 0C
FAN_CURVE(fan speed): 0% 0%
$ echo "0 50 40" | sudo tee fan_curve
kernel log:
[ 756.442527] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: Fan curve temp setting(50) must be within [0, 0]!
[ 777.345800] amdgpu 0000:03:00.0: amdgpu: Fan curve temp setting(50) must be within [0, 0]!
Closes: https://github.com/ROCm/amdgpu/issues/208
Signed-off-by: Yang Wang <kevinyang.wang@amd.com>
Acked-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Instead of a dynamic allocation, use stack variable and let the caller
pass the maximum ranges that can be held in the buffer.
Signed-off-by: Lijo Lazar <lijo.lazar@amd.com>
Reviewed-by: Hawking Zhang <Hawking.Zhang@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
Rename the enum 'pixel_format' to 'dc_pixel_format' to avoid potential
name conflicts with the pixel_format struct defined in
include/video/pixel_format.h.
Signed-off-by: Hou Wenlong <houwenlong.hwl@antgroup.com>
Reviewed-by: Alex Hung <alex.hung@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Alex Deucher <alexander.deucher@amd.com>
