mm/swap, PM: hibernate: fix swapoff race in uswsusp by pinning swap device

Patch series "mm/swap, PM: hibernate: fix swapoff race in uswsusp by
pinning swap device", v8.

Currently, in the uswsusp path, only the swap type value is retrieved at
lookup time without holding a reference. If swapoff races after the type
is acquired, subsequent slot allocations operate on a stale swap device.

Additionally, grabbing and releasing the swap device reference on every
slot allocation is inefficient across the entire hibernation swap path.

This patch series addresses these issues:
- Patch 1: Fixes the swapoff race in uswsusp by pinning the swap device
  from the point it is looked up until the session completes.
- Patch 2: Removes the overhead of per-slot reference counting in alloc/free
  paths and cleans up the redundant SWP_WRITEOK check.


This patch (of 2):

Hibernation via uswsusp (/dev/snapshot ioctls) has a race window: after
selecting the resume swap area but before user space is frozen, swapoff
may run and invalidate the selected swap device.

Fix this by pinning the swap device with SWP_HIBERNATION while it is in
use.  The pin is exclusive, which is sufficient since hibernate_acquire()
already prevents concurrent hibernation sessions.

The kernel swsusp path (sysfs-based hibernate/resume) uses
find_hibernation_swap_type() which is not affected by the pin.  It freezes
user space before touching swap, so swapoff cannot race.

Introduce dedicated helpers:
- pin_hibernation_swap_type(): Look up and pin the swap device.
  Used by the uswsusp path.
- find_hibernation_swap_type(): Lookup without pinning.
  Used by the kernel swsusp path.
- unpin_hibernation_swap_type(): Clear the hibernation pin.

While a swap device is pinned, swapoff is prevented from proceeding.

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/20260323160822.1409904-1-youngjun.park@lge.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/20260323160822.1409904-2-youngjun.park@lge.com
Signed-off-by: Youngjun Park <youngjun.park@lge.com>
Reviewed-by: Kairui Song <kasong@tencent.com>
Cc: Baoquan He <bhe@redhat.com>
Cc: Barry Song <baohua@kernel.org>
Cc: Chris Li <chrisl@kernel.org>
Cc: Kemeng Shi <shikemeng@huaweicloud.com>
Cc: Nhat Pham <nphamcs@gmail.com>
Cc: "Rafael J . Wysocki" <rafael@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>

include/linux/swap.h

@@ -213,6 +213,7 @@ enum {
 	SWP_PAGE_DISCARD = (1 << 10),	/* freed swap page-cluster discards */
 	SWP_STABLE_WRITES = (1 << 11),	/* no overwrite PG_writeback pages */
 	SWP_SYNCHRONOUS_IO = (1 << 12),	/* synchronous IO is efficient */
+	SWP_HIBERNATION = (1 << 13),	/* pinned for hibernation */
 					/* add others here before... */
 };
 
@@ -432,7 +433,9 @@ static inline long get_nr_swap_pages(void)
 }
 
 extern void si_swapinfo(struct sysinfo *);
-int swap_type_of(dev_t device, sector_t offset);
+extern int pin_hibernation_swap_type(dev_t device, sector_t offset);
+extern void unpin_hibernation_swap_type(int type);
+extern int find_hibernation_swap_type(dev_t device, sector_t offset);
 int find_first_swap(dev_t *device);
 extern unsigned int count_swap_pages(int, int);
 extern sector_t swapdev_block(int, pgoff_t);

kernel/power/swap.c

@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ static int swsusp_swap_check(void)
 	 * This is called before saving the image.
 	 */
 	if (swsusp_resume_device)
-		res = swap_type_of(swsusp_resume_device, swsusp_resume_block);
+		res = find_hibernation_swap_type(swsusp_resume_device, swsusp_resume_block);
 	else
 		res = find_first_swap(&swsusp_resume_device);
 	if (res < 0)

kernel/power/user.c

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ static int snapshot_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
 	memset(&data->handle, 0, sizeof(struct snapshot_handle));
 	if ((filp->f_flags & O_ACCMODE) == O_RDONLY) {
 		/* Hibernating.  The image device should be accessible. */
-		data->swap = swap_type_of(swsusp_resume_device, 0);
+		data->swap = pin_hibernation_swap_type(swsusp_resume_device, 0);
 		data->mode = O_RDONLY;
 		data->free_bitmaps = false;
 		error = pm_notifier_call_chain_robust(PM_HIBERNATION_PREPARE, PM_POST_HIBERNATION);
@@ -90,8 +90,10 @@ static int snapshot_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
 			data->free_bitmaps = !error;
 		}
 	}
-	if (error)
+	if (error) {
+		unpin_hibernation_swap_type(data->swap);
 		hibernate_release();
+	}
 
 	data->frozen = false;
 	data->ready = false;
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ static int snapshot_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
 	data = filp->private_data;
 	data->dev = 0;
 	free_all_swap_pages(data->swap);
+	unpin_hibernation_swap_type(data->swap);
 	if (data->frozen) {
 		pm_restore_gfp_mask();
 		free_basic_memory_bitmaps();
@@ -235,11 +238,17 @@ static int snapshot_set_swap_area(struct snapshot_data *data,
 		offset = swap_area.offset;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * Unpin the swap device if a swap area was already
+	 * set by SNAPSHOT_SET_SWAP_AREA.
+	 */
+	unpin_hibernation_swap_type(data->swap);
+
 	/*
 	 * User space encodes device types as two-byte values,
 	 * so we need to recode them
 	 */
-	data->swap = swap_type_of(swdev, offset);
+	data->swap = pin_hibernation_swap_type(swdev, offset);
 	if (data->swap < 0)
 		return swdev ? -ENODEV : -EINVAL;
 	data->dev = swdev;

mm/swapfile.c

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct percpu_swap_cluster, percpu_swap_cluster) = {
 /* May return NULL on invalid type, caller must check for NULL return */
 static struct swap_info_struct *swap_type_to_info(int type)
 {
-	if (type >= MAX_SWAPFILES)
+	if (type < 0 || type >= MAX_SWAPFILES)
 		return NULL;
 	return READ_ONCE(swap_info[type]); /* rcu_dereference() */
 }
@@ -2199,22 +2199,15 @@ void swap_free_hibernation_slot(swp_entry_t entry)
 	put_swap_device(si);
 }
 
-/*
- * Find the swap type that corresponds to given device (if any).
- *
- * @offset - number of the PAGE_SIZE-sized block of the device, starting
- * from 0, in which the swap header is expected to be located.
- *
- * This is needed for the suspend to disk (aka swsusp).
- */
-int swap_type_of(dev_t device, sector_t offset)
+static int __find_hibernation_swap_type(dev_t device, sector_t offset)
 {
 	int type;
 
-	if (!device)
-		return -1;
+	lockdep_assert_held(&swap_lock);
+
+	if (!device)
+		return -EINVAL;
 
-	spin_lock(&swap_lock);
 	for (type = 0; type < nr_swapfiles; type++) {
 		struct swap_info_struct *sis = swap_info[type];
 
@@ -2224,16 +2217,118 @@ int swap_type_of(dev_t device, sector_t offset)
 		if (device == sis->bdev->bd_dev) {
 			struct swap_extent *se = first_se(sis);
 
-			if (se->start_block == offset) {
-				spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+			if (se->start_block == offset)
 				return type;
-			}
 		}
 	}
-	spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 	return -ENODEV;
 }
 
+/**
+ * pin_hibernation_swap_type - Pin the swap device for hibernation
+ * @device: Block device containing the resume image
+ * @offset: Offset identifying the swap area
+ *
+ * Locate the swap device for @device/@offset and mark it as pinned
+ * for hibernation. While pinned, swapoff() is prevented.
+ *
+ * Only one uswsusp context may pin a swap device at a time.
+ * If already pinned, this function returns -EBUSY.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * >= 0 on success (swap type).
+ * -EINVAL if @device is invalid.
+ * -ENODEV if the swap device is not found.
+ * -EBUSY if the device is already pinned for hibernation.
+ */
+int pin_hibernation_swap_type(dev_t device, sector_t offset)
+{
+	int type;
+	struct swap_info_struct *si;
+
+	spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+
+	type = __find_hibernation_swap_type(device, offset);
+	if (type < 0) {
+		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+		return type;
+	}
+
+	si = swap_type_to_info(type);
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!si)) {
+		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+		return -ENODEV;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * hibernate_acquire() prevents concurrent hibernation sessions.
+	 * This check additionally guards against double-pinning within
+	 * the same session.
+	 */
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(si->flags & SWP_HIBERNATION)) {
+		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+		return -EBUSY;
+	}
+
+	si->flags |= SWP_HIBERNATION;
+
+	spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+	return type;
+}
+
+/**
+ * unpin_hibernation_swap_type - Unpin the swap device for hibernation
+ * @type: Swap type previously returned by pin_hibernation_swap_type()
+ *
+ * Clear the hibernation pin on the given swap device, allowing
+ * swapoff() to proceed normally.
+ *
+ * If @type does not refer to a valid swap device, this function
+ * does nothing.
+ */
+void unpin_hibernation_swap_type(int type)
+{
+	struct swap_info_struct *si;
+
+	spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+	si = swap_type_to_info(type);
+	if (!si) {
+		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+		return;
+	}
+	si->flags &= ~SWP_HIBERNATION;
+	spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * find_hibernation_swap_type - Find swap type for hibernation
+ * @device: Block device containing the resume image
+ * @offset: Offset within the device identifying the swap area
+ *
+ * Locate the swap device corresponding to @device and @offset.
+ *
+ * Unlike pin_hibernation_swap_type(), this function only performs a
+ * lookup and does not mark the swap device as pinned for hibernation.
+ *
+ * This is safe in the sysfs-based hibernation path where user space
+ * is already frozen and swapoff() cannot run concurrently.
+ *
+ * Return:
+ * A non-negative swap type on success.
+ * -EINVAL if @device is invalid.
+ * -ENODEV if no matching swap device is found.
+ */
+int find_hibernation_swap_type(dev_t device, sector_t offset)
+{
+	int type;
+
+	spin_lock(&swap_lock);
+	type = __find_hibernation_swap_type(device, offset);
+	spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+
+	return type;
+}
+
 int find_first_swap(dev_t *device)
 {
 	int type;
@@ -2996,6 +3091,14 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE1(swapoff, const char __user *, specialfile)
 		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
 		goto out_dput;
 	}
+
+	/* Refuse swapoff while the device is pinned for hibernation */
+	if (p->flags & SWP_HIBERNATION) {
+		err = -EBUSY;
+		spin_unlock(&swap_lock);
+		goto out_dput;
+	}
+
 	if (!security_vm_enough_memory_mm(current->mm, p->pages))
 		vm_unacct_memory(p->pages);
 	else {