rust: block: convert block::mq to use Refcount

Currently there's a custom reference counting in `block::mq`, which uses
`AtomicU64` Rust atomics, and this type doesn't exist on some 32-bit
architectures. We cannot just change it to use 32-bit atomics, because
doing so will make it vulnerable to refcount overflow. So switch it to
use the kernel refcount `kernel::sync::Refcount` instead.

There is an operation needed by `block::mq`, atomically decreasing
refcount from 2 to 0, which is not available through refcount.h, so
I exposed `Refcount::as_atomic` which allows accessing the refcount
directly.

[boqun: Adopt the LKMM atomic API]
Signed-off-by: Gary Guo <gary@garyguo.net>
Signed-off-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Benno Lossin <lossin@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Elle Rhumsaa <elle@weathered-steel.dev>
Acked-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@kernel.org>
Tested-by: David Gow <davidgow@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250723233312.3304339-5-gary@kernel.org

rust/kernel/block/mq/operations.rs

@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@
     block::mq::Request,
     error::{from_result, Result},
     prelude::*,
+    sync::Refcount,
     types::ARef,
 };
-use core::{marker::PhantomData, sync::atomic::AtomicU64, sync::atomic::Ordering};
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
 
 /// Implement this trait to interface blk-mq as block devices.
 ///
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ impl<T: Operations> OperationsVTable<T> {
         let request = unsafe { &*(*bd).rq.cast::<Request<T>>() };
 
         // One refcount for the ARef, one for being in flight
-        request.wrapper_ref().refcount().store(2, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        request.wrapper_ref().refcount().set(2);
 
         // SAFETY:
         //  - We own a refcount that we took above. We pass that to `ARef`.
@@ -187,7 +188,7 @@ impl<T: Operations> OperationsVTable<T> {
 
             // SAFETY: The refcount field is allocated but not initialized, so
             // it is valid for writes.
-            unsafe { RequestDataWrapper::refcount_ptr(pdu.as_ptr()).write(AtomicU64::new(0)) };
+            unsafe { RequestDataWrapper::refcount_ptr(pdu.as_ptr()).write(Refcount::new(0)) };
 
             Ok(0)
         })

rust/kernel/block/mq/request.rs

@@ -8,13 +8,10 @@
     bindings,
     block::mq::Operations,
     error::Result,
+    sync::{atomic::Relaxed, Refcount},
     types::{ARef, AlwaysRefCounted, Opaque},
 };
-use core::{
-    marker::PhantomData,
-    ptr::NonNull,
-    sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering},
-};
+use core::{marker::PhantomData, ptr::NonNull};
 
 /// A wrapper around a blk-mq [`struct request`]. This represents an IO request.
 ///
@@ -37,6 +34,9 @@
 /// We need to track 3 and 4 to ensure that it is safe to end the request and hand
 /// back ownership to the block layer.
 ///
+/// Note that the driver can still obtain new `ARef` even if there is no `ARef`s in existence by
+/// using `tag_to_rq`, hence the need to distinguish B and C.
+///
 /// The states are tracked through the private `refcount` field of
 /// `RequestDataWrapper`. This structure lives in the private data area of the C
 /// [`struct request`].
@@ -98,13 +98,16 @@ pub(crate) unsafe fn start_unchecked(this: &ARef<Self>) {
     ///
     /// [`struct request`]: srctree/include/linux/blk-mq.h
     fn try_set_end(this: ARef<Self>) -> Result<*mut bindings::request, ARef<Self>> {
-        // We can race with `TagSet::tag_to_rq`
-        if let Err(_old) = this.wrapper_ref().refcount().compare_exchange(
-            2,
-            0,
-            Ordering::Relaxed,
-            Ordering::Relaxed,
-        ) {
+        // To hand back the ownership, we need the current refcount to be 2.
+        // Since we can race with `TagSet::tag_to_rq`, this needs to atomically reduce
+        // refcount to 0. `Refcount` does not provide a way to do this, so use the underlying
+        // atomics directly.
+        if let Err(_old) = this
+            .wrapper_ref()
+            .refcount()
+            .as_atomic()
+            .cmpxchg(2, 0, Relaxed)
+        {
             return Err(this);
         }
 
@@ -173,13 +176,13 @@ pub(crate) struct RequestDataWrapper {
     /// - 0: The request is owned by C block layer.
     /// - 1: The request is owned by Rust abstractions but there are no [`ARef`] references to it.
     /// - 2+: There are [`ARef`] references to the request.
-    refcount: AtomicU64,
+    refcount: Refcount,
 }
 
 impl RequestDataWrapper {
     /// Return a reference to the refcount of the request that is embedding
     /// `self`.
-    pub(crate) fn refcount(&self) -> &AtomicU64 {
+    pub(crate) fn refcount(&self) -> &Refcount {
         &self.refcount
     }
 
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ pub(crate) fn refcount(&self) -> &AtomicU64 {
     /// # Safety
     ///
     /// - `this` must point to a live allocation of at least the size of `Self`.
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn refcount_ptr(this: *mut Self) -> *mut AtomicU64 {
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn refcount_ptr(this: *mut Self) -> *mut Refcount {
         // SAFETY: Because of the safety requirements of this function, the
         // field projection is safe.
         unsafe { &raw mut (*this).refcount }
@@ -205,47 +208,13 @@ unsafe impl<T: Operations> Send for Request<T> {}
 // mutate `self` are internally synchronized`
 unsafe impl<T: Operations> Sync for Request<T> {}
 
-/// Store the result of `op(target.load())` in target, returning new value of
-/// target.
-fn atomic_relaxed_op_return(target: &AtomicU64, op: impl Fn(u64) -> u64) -> u64 {
-    let old = target.fetch_update(Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed, |x| Some(op(x)));
-
-    // SAFETY: Because the operation passed to `fetch_update` above always
-    // return `Some`, `old` will always be `Ok`.
-    let old = unsafe { old.unwrap_unchecked() };
-
-    op(old)
-}
-
-/// Store the result of `op(target.load)` in `target` if `target.load() !=
-/// pred`, returning [`true`] if the target was updated.
-fn atomic_relaxed_op_unless(target: &AtomicU64, op: impl Fn(u64) -> u64, pred: u64) -> bool {
-    target
-        .fetch_update(Ordering::Relaxed, Ordering::Relaxed, |x| {
-            if x == pred {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(op(x))
-            }
-        })
-        .is_ok()
-}
-
 // SAFETY: All instances of `Request<T>` are reference counted. This
 // implementation of `AlwaysRefCounted` ensure that increments to the ref count
 // keeps the object alive in memory at least until a matching reference count
 // decrement is executed.
 unsafe impl<T: Operations> AlwaysRefCounted for Request<T> {
     fn inc_ref(&self) {
-        let refcount = &self.wrapper_ref().refcount();
-
-        #[cfg_attr(not(CONFIG_DEBUG_MISC), allow(unused_variables))]
-        let updated = atomic_relaxed_op_unless(refcount, |x| x + 1, 0);
-
-        #[cfg(CONFIG_DEBUG_MISC)]
-        if !updated {
-            panic!("Request refcount zero on clone")
-        }
+        self.wrapper_ref().refcount().inc();
     }
 
     unsafe fn dec_ref(obj: core::ptr::NonNull<Self>) {
@@ -257,10 +226,10 @@ unsafe fn dec_ref(obj: core::ptr::NonNull<Self>) {
         let refcount = unsafe { &*RequestDataWrapper::refcount_ptr(wrapper_ptr) };
 
         #[cfg_attr(not(CONFIG_DEBUG_MISC), allow(unused_variables))]
-        let new_refcount = atomic_relaxed_op_return(refcount, |x| x - 1);
+        let is_zero = refcount.dec_and_test();
 
         #[cfg(CONFIG_DEBUG_MISC)]
-        if new_refcount == 0 {
+        if is_zero {
             panic!("Request reached refcount zero in Rust abstractions");
         }
     }

rust/kernel/sync/refcount.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 //! C header: [`include/linux/refcount.h`](srctree/include/linux/refcount.h)
 
 use crate::build_assert;
+use crate::sync::atomic::Atomic;
 use crate::types::Opaque;
 
 /// Atomic reference counter.
@@ -34,6 +35,20 @@ fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::refcount_t {
         self.0.get()
     }
 
+    /// Get the underlying atomic counter that backs the refcount.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: Usage of this function is discouraged as it can circumvent the protections offered by
+    /// `refcount.h`. If there is no way to achieve the result using APIs in `refcount.h`, then
+    /// this function can be used. Otherwise consider adding a binding for the required API.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_atomic(&self) -> &Atomic<i32> {
+        let ptr = self.0.get().cast();
+        // SAFETY: `refcount_t` is a transparent wrapper of `atomic_t`, which is an atomic 32-bit
+        // integer that is layout-wise compatible with `Atomic<i32>`. All values are valid for
+        // `refcount_t`, despite some of the values being considered saturated and "bad".
+        unsafe { &*ptr }
+    }
+
     /// Set a refcount's value.
     #[inline]
     pub fn set(&self, value: i32) {