Split the lib poly1305 code just as was done with sha256. Make
the main library code conditional on LIB_POLY1305 instead of
LIB_POLY1305_GENERIC.
Reported-by: Giovanni Cabiddu <giovanni.cabiddu@intel.com>
Fixes: 10a6d72ea3 ("crypto: lib/poly1305 - Use block-only interface")
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Use the BLOCK_HASH_UPDATE_BLOCKS helper instead of duplicating
partial block handling.
Also remove the unused lib/sha256 force-generic interface.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Add an internal sha256_finup helper and move the finalisation code
from __sha256_final into it.
Also add sha256_choose_blocks and CRYPTO_ARCH_HAVE_LIB_SHA256_SIMD
so that the Crypto API can use the SIMD block function unconditionally.
The Crypto API must not be used in hard IRQs and there is no reason
to have a fallback path for hardirqs.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Follow best practices by changing the length parameters to size_t and
explicitly specifying the length of the output digest arrays.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Instead of providing crypto_shash algorithms for the arch-optimized
SHA-256 code, instead implement the SHA-256 library. This is much
simpler, it makes the SHA-256 library functions be arch-optimized, and
it fixes the longstanding issue where the arch-optimized SHA-256 was
disabled by default. SHA-256 still remains available through
crypto_shash, but individual architectures no longer need to handle it.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
As has been done for various other algorithms, rework the design of the
SHA-256 library to support arch-optimized implementations, and make
crypto/sha256.c expose both generic and arch-optimized shash algorithms
that wrap the library functions.
This allows users of the SHA-256 library functions to take advantage of
the arch-optimized code, and this makes it much simpler to integrate
SHA-256 for each architecture.
Note that sha256_base.h is not used in the new design. It will be
removed once all the architecture-specific code has been updated.
Move the generic block function into its own module to avoid a circular
dependency from libsha256.ko => sha256-$ARCH.ko => libsha256.ko.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Add export and import functions to maintain existing export format.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Now that every architecture provides a block function, use that
to implement the lib/poly1305 and remove the old per-arch code.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Add a block-only interface for poly1305. Implement the generic
code first.
Also use the generic partial block helper.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Merge mainline to pick up bcachefs poly1305 patch 4bf4b5046d
("bcachefs: use library APIs for ChaCha20 and Poly1305"). This
is a prerequisite for removing the poly1305 shash algorithm.
With the minimum gcc version raised to 8.1, all supported compilers
now understand the -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc option, and there
is no longer a need for the separate compiler plugin.
Since only gcc-5 was able to use the plugin for several year now,
it was already likely unused.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
gcc-12 and higher support the -ftrivial-auto-var-init= flag, after
gcc-8 is the minimum version, this is half of the supported ones, and
the vast majority of the versions that users are actually likely to
have, so it seems like a good time to stop having the fallback
plugin implementation
Older toolchains are still able to build kernels normally without
this plugin, but won't be able to use variable initialization..
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
It is no longer necessary to check for CONFIG_AS_AVX512, since the minimum
assembler version is now from binutils-2.30 and this always supports it.
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Commit a3e8fe814a ("x86/build: Raise the minimum GCC version to 8.1")
raised the minimum compiler version as enforced by Kbuild to gcc-8.1
and clang-15 for x86.
This is actually the same gcc version that has been discussed as the
minimum for all architectures several times in the past, with little
objection. A previous concern was the kernel for SLE15-SP7 needing to
be built with gcc-7. As this ended up still using linux-6.4 and there
is no plan for an SP8, this is no longer a problem.
Change it for all architectures and adjust the documentation accordingly.
A few version checks can be removed in the process. The binutils
version 2.30 is the lowest version used in combination with gcc-8 on
common distros, so use that as the corresponding minimum.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20240925150059.3955569-32-ardb+git@google.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/871q7yxrgv.wl-tiwai@suse.de/
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Add some additional tests in lib/tests/test_bits.c to cover the
expected/non-expected values of the fixed-type GENMASK_U*() macros.
Also check that the result value matches the expected type. Since
those are known at build time, use static_assert() instead of normal
kunit tests.
Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Vincent Mailhol <mailhol.vincent@wanadoo.fr>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yury Norov <yury.norov@gmail.com>
In preparation for making the kmalloc family of allocators type aware,
we need to make sure that the returned type from the allocation matches
the type of the variable being assigned. (Before, the allocator would
always return "void *", which can be implicitly cast to any pointer type.)
The assigned type is "struct kunit_suite **" but the returned type will
be "struct kunit_suite * const *". Since it isn't generally possible
to remove the const qualifier, adjust the allocation type to match
the assignment.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250426062433.work.124-kees@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: David Gow <davidgow@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Shuah Khan <skhan@linuxfoundation.org>
The generic FourCC format always prints the data using the big endian
order. It is generic because it allows to read the data using a custom
ordering.
The current code uses "n" for reading data in the reverse host ordering.
It makes the 4 variants [hnbl] consistent with the generic printing
of IPv4 addresses.
Unfortunately, it creates confusion on big endian systems. For example,
it shows the data &(u32)0x67503030 as
%p4cn 00Pg (0x30305067)
But people expect that the ordering stays the same. The network ordering
is a big-endian ordering.
The problem is that the semantic is not the same. The modifiers affect
the output ordering of IPv4 addresses while they affect the reading order
in case of FourCC code.
Avoid the confusion by replacing the "n" modifier with "hR", aka
reverse host ordering. It is inspired by the existing %p[mM]R printf
format.
Reported-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAMuHMdV9tX=TG7E_CrSF=2PY206tXf+_yYRuacG48EWEtJLo-Q@mail.gmail.com
Signed-off-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Acked-by: Alyssa Rosenzweig <alyssa@rosenzweig.io>
Reviewed-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be>
Reviewed-by: Aditya Garg <gargaditya08@live.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250428123132.578771-1-pmladek@suse.com
Signed-off-by: Alyssa Rosenzweig <alyssa@rosenzweig.io>
Now that the architecture-optimized Poly1305 kconfig symbols are defined
regardless of CRYPTO, there is no need for CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305 to select
CRYPTO. So, remove that. This makes the indirection through the
CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305_INTERNAL symbol unnecessary, so get rid of that and
just use CRYPTO_LIB_POLY1305 directly. Finally, make the fallback to
the generic implementation use a default value instead of a select; this
makes it consistent with how the arch-optimized code gets enabled and
also with how CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2S_GENERIC gets enabled.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Now that the architecture-optimized ChaCha kconfig symbols are defined
regardless of CRYPTO, there is no need for CRYPTO_LIB_CHACHA to select
CRYPTO. So, remove that. This makes the indirection through the
CRYPTO_LIB_CHACHA_INTERNAL symbol unnecessary, so get rid of that and
just use CRYPTO_LIB_CHACHA directly. Finally, make the fallback to the
generic implementation use a default value instead of a select; this
makes it consistent with how the arch-optimized code gets enabled and
also with how CRYPTO_LIB_BLAKE2S_GENERIC gets enabled.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the x86 BLAKE2s, ChaCha, and Poly1305
library functions into a new directory arch/x86/lib/crypto/ that does
not depend on CRYPTO. This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and
lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the s390 ChaCha library functions into a
new directory arch/s390/lib/crypto/ that does not depend on CRYPTO.
This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and lib/crypto/.
Acked-by: Heiko Carstens <hca@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the riscv ChaCha library functions into
a new directory arch/riscv/lib/crypto/ that does not depend on CRYPTO.
This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the powerpc ChaCha and Poly1305 library
functions into a new directory arch/powerpc/lib/crypto/ that does not
depend on CRYPTO. This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and
lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the mips ChaCha and Poly1305 library
functions into a new directory arch/mips/lib/crypto/ that does not
depend on CRYPTO. This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and
lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the arm64 ChaCha and Poly1305 library
functions into a new directory arch/arm64/lib/crypto/ that does not
depend on CRYPTO. This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and
lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Continue disentangling the crypto library functions from the generic
crypto infrastructure by moving the arm BLAKE2s, ChaCha, and Poly1305
library functions into a new directory arch/arm/lib/crypto/ that does
not depend on CRYPTO. This mirrors the distinction between crypto/ and
lib/crypto/.
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Now that all sm3_base users have been converted to use the API
partial block handling, remove the partial block helpers as well
as the lib/crypto functions.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Now that all sha256_base users have been converted to use the API
partial block handling, remove the partial block helpers.
Signed-off-by: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
%p4cc is designed for DRM/V4L2 FourCCs with their specific quirks, but
it's useful to be able to print generic 4-character codes formatted as
an integer. Extend it to add format specifiers for printing generic
32-bit FourCCs with various endian semantics:
%p4ch Host byte order
%p4cn Network byte order
%p4cl Little-endian
%p4cb Big-endian
The endianness determines how bytes are interpreted as a u32, and the
FourCC is then always printed MSByte-first (this is the opposite of
V4L/DRM FourCCs). This covers most practical cases, e.g. %p4cn would
allow printing LSByte-first FourCCs stored in host endian order
(other than the hex form being in character order, not the integer
value).
Acked-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk>
Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Tested-by: Petr Mladek <pmladek@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Hector Martin <marcan@marcan.st>
Signed-off-by: Aditya Garg <gargaditya08@live.com>
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/PN3PR01MB9597B01823415CB7FCD3BC27B8B52@PN3PR01MB9597.INDPRD01.PROD.OUTLOOK.COM
Signed-off-by: Alyssa Rosenzweig <alyssa@rosenzweig.io>
Pull hardening fixes from Kees Cook:
- lib/prime_numbers: KUnit test should not select PRIME_NUMBERS (Geert
Uytterhoeven)
- ubsan: Fix panic from test_ubsan_out_of_bounds (Mostafa Saleh)
- ubsan: Remove 'default UBSAN' from UBSAN_INTEGER_WRAP (Nathan
Chancellor)
- string: Add load_unaligned_zeropad() code path to sized_strscpy()
(Peter Collingbourne)
- kasan: Add strscpy() test to trigger tag fault on arm64 (Vincenzo
Frascino)
- Disable GCC randstruct for COMPILE_TEST
* tag 'hardening-v6.15-rc3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kees/linux:
lib/prime_numbers: KUnit test should not select PRIME_NUMBERS
ubsan: Fix panic from test_ubsan_out_of_bounds
lib/Kconfig.ubsan: Remove 'default UBSAN' from UBSAN_INTEGER_WRAP
hardening: Disable GCC randstruct for COMPILE_TEST
kasan: Add strscpy() test to trigger tag fault on arm64
string: Add load_unaligned_zeropad() code path to sized_strscpy()
Pull misc hotfixes from Andrew Morton:
"31 hotfixes.
9 are cc:stable and the remainder address post-6.15 issues or aren't
considered necessary for -stable kernels.
22 patches are for MM, 9 are otherwise"
* tag 'mm-hotfixes-stable-2025-04-16-19-59' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/akpm/mm: (31 commits)
MAINTAINERS: update HUGETLB reviewers
mm: fix apply_to_existing_page_range()
selftests/mm: fix compiler -Wmaybe-uninitialized warning
alloc_tag: handle incomplete bulk allocations in vm_module_tags_populate
mailmap: add entry for Jean-Michel Hautbois
mm: (un)track_pfn_copy() fix + doc improvements
mm: fix filemap_get_folios_contig returning batches of identical folios
mm/hugetlb: add a line break at the end of the format string
selftests: mincore: fix tmpfs mincore test failure
mm/hugetlb: fix set_max_huge_pages() when there are surplus pages
mm/cma: report base address of single range correctly
mm: page_alloc: speed up fallbacks in rmqueue_bulk()
kunit: slub: add module description
mm/kasan: add module decription
ucs2_string: add module description
zlib: add module description
fpga: tests: add module descriptions
samples/livepatch: add module descriptions
ASN.1: add module description
mm/vma: add give_up_on_oom option on modify/merge, use in uffd release
...
Enabling a (modular) test should not silently enable additional kernel
functionality, as that may increase the attack vector of a product.
Fix this by making PRIME_NUMBERS_KUNIT_TEST depend on PRIME_NUMBERS
instead of selecting it.
After this, one can safely enable CONFIG_KUNIT_ALL_TESTS=m to build
modules for all appropriate tests for ones system, without pulling in
extra unwanted functionality, while still allowing a tester to manually
enable PRIME_NUMBERS and this test suite on a system where PRIME_NUMBERS
is not enabled by default. Resurrect CONFIG_PRIME_NUMBERS=m in
tools/testing/selftests/lib/config for the latter use case.
Fixes: 313b38a6ec ("lib/prime_numbers: convert self-test to KUnit")
Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Acked-by: Tamir Duberstein <tamird@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/40f8a40eef4930d3ac9febd205bc171eb04e171c.1744641237.git.geert@linux-m68k.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Running lib_ubsan.ko on arm64 (without CONFIG_UBSAN_TRAP) panics the
kernel:
[ 31.616546] Kernel panic - not syncing: stack-protector: Kernel stack is corrupted in: test_ubsan_out_of_bounds+0x158/0x158 [test_ubsan]
[ 31.646817] CPU: 3 UID: 0 PID: 179 Comm: insmod Not tainted 6.15.0-rc2 #1 PREEMPT
[ 31.648153] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[ 31.648970] Call trace:
[ 31.649345] show_stack+0x18/0x24 (C)
[ 31.650960] dump_stack_lvl+0x40/0x84
[ 31.651559] dump_stack+0x18/0x24
[ 31.652264] panic+0x138/0x3b4
[ 31.652812] __ktime_get_real_seconds+0x0/0x10
[ 31.653540] test_ubsan_load_invalid_value+0x0/0xa8 [test_ubsan]
[ 31.654388] init_module+0x24/0xff4 [test_ubsan]
[ 31.655077] do_one_initcall+0xd4/0x280
[ 31.655680] do_init_module+0x58/0x2b4
That happens because the test corrupts other data in the stack:
400: d5384108 mrs x8, sp_el0
404: f9426d08 ldr x8, [x8, #1240]
408: f85f83a9 ldur x9, [x29, #-8]
40c: eb09011f cmp x8, x9
410: 54000301 b.ne 470 <test_ubsan_out_of_bounds+0x154> // b.any
As there is no guarantee the compiler will order the local variables
as declared in the module:
volatile char above[4] = { }; /* Protect surrounding memory. */
volatile int arr[4];
volatile char below[4] = { }; /* Protect surrounding memory. */
There is another problem where the out-of-bound index is 5 which is larger
than the extra surrounding memory for protection.
So, use a struct to enforce the ordering, and fix the index to be 4.
Also, remove some of the volatiles and rely on OPTIMIZER_HIDE_VAR()
Signed-off-by: Mostafa Saleh <smostafa@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250415203354.4109415-1-smostafa@google.com
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
CONFIG_UBSAN_INTEGER_WRAP is 'default UBSAN', which is problematic for a
couple of reasons.
The first is that this sanitizer is under active development on the
compiler side to come up with a solution that is maintainable on the
compiler side and usable on the kernel side. As a result of this, there
are many warnings when the sanitizer is enabled that have no clear path
to resolution yet but users may see them and report them in the meantime.
The second is that this option was renamed from
CONFIG_UBSAN_SIGNED_WRAP, meaning that if a configuration has
CONFIG_UBSAN=y but CONFIG_UBSAN_SIGNED_WRAP=n and it is upgraded via
olddefconfig (common in non-interactive scenarios such as CI),
CONFIG_UBSAN_INTEGER_WRAP will be silently enabled again.
Remove 'default UBSAN' from CONFIG_UBSAN_INTEGER_WRAP until it is ready
for regular usage and testing from a broader community than the folks
actively working on the feature.
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Fixes: 557f8c582a ("ubsan: Reintroduce signed overflow sanitizer")
Signed-off-by: Nathan Chancellor <nathan@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250414-drop-default-ubsan-integer-wrap-v1-1-392522551d6b@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
The call to read_word_at_a_time() in sized_strscpy() is problematic
with MTE because it may trigger a tag check fault when reading
across a tag granule (16 bytes) boundary. To make this code
MTE compatible, let's start using load_unaligned_zeropad()
on architectures where it is available (i.e. architectures that
define CONFIG_DCACHE_WORD_ACCESS). Because load_unaligned_zeropad()
takes care of page boundaries as well as tag granule boundaries,
also disable the code preventing crossing page boundaries when using
load_unaligned_zeropad().
Signed-off-by: Peter Collingbourne <pcc@google.com>
Link: https://linux-review.googlesource.com/id/If4b22e43b5a4ca49726b4bf98ada827fdf755548
Fixes: 94ab5b61ee ("kasan, arm64: enable CONFIG_KASAN_HW_TAGS")
Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20250403000703.2584581-2-pcc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
As more tests are added, the exit function gets longer than it should
be. Condense the un-register calls into a for loop to make it easier to
add/remove tests.
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org>
As we add more test functions in lib/tests_sysctl the main test function
(test_sysctl_init) grows. Condense the logic to make it easier to
add/remove tests.
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org>
If the test added in commit b5ffbd1396 ("sysctl: move the extra1/2
boundary check of u8 to sysctl_check_table_array") is run as a module, a
lingering reference to the module is left behind, and a 'sysctl -a'
leads to a panic.
To reproduce
CONFIG_KUNIT=y
CONFIG_SYSCTL_KUNIT_TEST=m
Then run these commands:
modprobe sysctl-test
rmmod sysctl-test
sysctl -a
The panic varies but generally looks something like this:
BUG: unable to handle page fault for address: ffffa4571c0c7db4
#PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode
#PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page
PGD 100000067 P4D 100000067 PUD 100351067 PMD 114f5e067 PTE 0
Oops: Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP NOPTI
... ... ...
RIP: 0010:proc_sys_readdir+0x166/0x2c0
... ... ...
Call Trace:
<TASK>
iterate_dir+0x6e/0x140
__se_sys_getdents+0x6e/0x100
do_syscall_64+0x70/0x150
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x76/0x7e
Move the test to lib/test_sysctl.c where the registration reference is
handled on module exit
Fixes: b5ffbd1396 ("sysctl: move the extra1/2 boundary check of u8 to sysctl_check_table_array")
Reviewed-by: Kees Cook <kees@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Joel Granados <joel.granados@kernel.org>
Merge series from James Calligeros <jcalligeros99@gmail.com>:
This series introduces a number of changes to the drivers for
the Texas Instruments TAS2764 and TAS2770 amplifiers in order to
introduce (and improve in the case of TAS2770) support for the
variants of these amps found in Apple Silicon Macs.
Apple's variant of TAS2764 is known as SN012776, and as always with
Apple is a subtly incompatible variant with a number of quirks. It
is not publicly available. The TAS2770 variant is known as TAS5770L,
and does not require incompatible handling.
Much as with the Cirrus codec patches, I do not
expect that we will get any official acknowledgement that these parts
exist from TI, however I would be delighted to be proven wrong.
This series has been living in the downstream Asahi kernel tree[1]
for over two years, and has been tested by many thousands of users
by this point[2].
v4 drops the TDM idle TX slot behaviour patches. I experimented with
the API discussed in v3, however this did not work on any of the machines
I tested it with. More tweaking is probably needed.
[1] https://github.com/AsahiLinux/linux/tree/asahi-wip
[2] https://stats.asahilinux.org/
