beets/test/plugins/test_web.py

"""Tests for the 'web' plugin"""

import json
import os.path
import platform
import shutil
from collections import Counter

import pytest

from beets.library import Album, Item
from beets.test import _common
from beets.test.helper import PluginMixin, PytestTestHelper
from beetsplug import web


class WebPluginMixin(PluginMixin):
    """Mixin to configure the web plugin for testing."""

    plugin = "web"

    @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
    def setup_web_app(self, setup):
        """Configure the web plugin's Flask app for testing.

        This fixture sets up the Flask test client and configures the app
        with the test library. It runs after the base setup fixture from
        PytestTestHelper.
        """
        # Set up the web app config - we modify self.config["web"] for beets config
        # but also need to directly configure the Flask app for tests
        web.app.config["TESTING"] = True
        web.app.config["lib"] = self.lib
        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = False
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True
        self.client = web.app.test_client()

        # Set platform-specific path prefix
        if platform.system() == "Windows":
            self.path_prefix = "C:"
        else:
            self.path_prefix = ""

        # Add fixtures
        for track in self.lib.items():
            track.remove()

        # Add library elements. Note that self.lib.add overrides any "id=<n>"
        # and assigns the next free id number.
        # The following adds will create items #1, #2 and #3
        path1 = (
            self.path_prefix + os.sep + os.path.join(b"path_1").decode("utf-8")
        )
        self.lib.add(
            Item(title="title", path=path1, album_id=2, artist="AAA Singers")
        )
        path2 = (
            self.path_prefix
            + os.sep
            + os.path.join(b"somewhere", b"a").decode("utf-8")
        )
        self.lib.add(
            Item(title="another title", path=path2, artist="AAA Singers")
        )
        path3 = (
            self.path_prefix
            + os.sep
            + os.path.join(b"somewhere", b"abc").decode("utf-8")
        )
        self.lib.add(
            Item(title="and a third", testattr="ABC", path=path3, album_id=2)
        )
        # The following adds will create albums #1 and #2
        self.lib.add(Album(album="album", albumtest="xyz"))
        path4 = (
            self.path_prefix
            + os.sep
            + os.path.join(b"somewhere2", b"art_path_2").decode("utf-8")
        )
        self.lib.add(Album(album="other album", artpath=path4))

        return


class TestWebPlugin(WebPluginMixin, PytestTestHelper):
    """Tests for the web plugin."""

    def test_config_include_paths_true(self):
        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = True
        response = self.client.get("/item/1")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        expected_path = (
            self.path_prefix + os.sep + os.path.join(b"path_1").decode("utf-8")
        )

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["path"] == expected_path

        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = False

    def test_config_include_artpaths_true(self):
        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = True
        response = self.client.get("/album/2")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        expected_path = (
            self.path_prefix
            + os.sep
            + os.path.join(b"somewhere2", b"art_path_2").decode("utf-8")
        )

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["artpath"] == expected_path

        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = False

    def test_config_include_paths_false(self):
        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = False
        response = self.client.get("/item/1")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert "path" not in res_json

    def test_config_include_artpaths_false(self):
        web.app.config["INCLUDE_PATHS"] = False
        response = self.client.get("/album/2")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert "artpath" not in res_json

    def test_get_all_items(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["items"]) == 3

    def test_get_unique_item_artist(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/values/artist")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["values"] == ["", "AAA Singers"]

    def test_get_single_item_by_id(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/1")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == 1
        assert res_json["title"] == "title"

    def test_get_multiple_items_by_id(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/1,2")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["items"]) == 2
        response_titles = {item["title"] for item in res_json["items"]}
        assert response_titles == {"title", "another title"}

    def test_get_single_item_not_found(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/4")
        assert response.status_code == 404

    def test_get_single_item_by_path(self):
        data_path = os.path.join(_common.RSRC, b"full.mp3")
        self.lib.add(Item.from_path(data_path))
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/path/{data_path.decode('utf-8')}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["title"] == "full"

    def test_get_single_item_by_path_not_found_if_not_in_library(self):
        data_path = os.path.join(_common.RSRC, b"full.mp3")
        # data_path points to a valid file, but we have not added the file
        # to the library.
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/path/{data_path.decode('utf-8')}")

        assert response.status_code == 404

    def test_get_item_empty_query(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["items"]) == 3

    def test_get_simple_item_query(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/another")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["title"] == "another title"

    def test_query_item_string(self):
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/testattr%3aABC")  # testattr:ABC
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["title"] == "and a third"

    def test_query_item_regex(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            "/item/query/testattr%3a%3a[A-C]%2b"
        )  # testattr::[A-C]+
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["title"] == "and a third"

    def test_query_item_regex_backslash(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            "/item/query/testattr%3a%3a%5cw%2b"
        )  # testattr::\w+
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["title"] == "and a third"

    def test_query_item_path(self):
        """Note: path queries are special: the query item must match the path
        from the root all the way to a directory, so this matches 1 item"""
        """ Note: filesystem separators in the query must be '\' """

        response = self.client.get(
            "/item/query/path:" + self.path_prefix + "\\somewhere\\a"
        )
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["title"] == "another title"

    def test_get_all_albums(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        response_albums = [album["album"] for album in res_json["albums"]]
        assert Counter(response_albums) == {"album": 1, "other album": 1}

    def test_get_single_album_by_id(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/2")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == 2
        assert res_json["album"] == "other album"

    def test_get_multiple_albums_by_id(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/1,2")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        response_albums = [album["album"] for album in res_json["albums"]]
        assert Counter(response_albums) == {"album": 1, "other album": 1}

    def test_get_album_empty_query(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["albums"]) == 2

    def test_get_simple_album_query(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/other")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["album"] == "other album"
        assert res_json["results"][0]["id"] == 2

    def test_get_album_details(self):
        response = self.client.get("/album/2?expand")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["items"]) == 2
        assert res_json["items"][0]["album"] == "other album"
        assert res_json["items"][1]["album"] == "other album"
        response_track_titles = {item["title"] for item in res_json["items"]}
        assert response_track_titles == {"title", "and a third"}

    def test_query_album_string(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            "/album/query/albumtest%3axy"
        )  # albumtest:xy
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["album"] == "album"

    def test_query_album_artpath_regex(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            "/album/query/artpath%3a%3aart_"
        )  # artpath::art_
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["album"] == "other album"

    def test_query_album_regex_backslash(self):
        response = self.client.get(
            "/album/query/albumtest%3a%3a%5cw%2b"
        )  # albumtest::\w+
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1
        assert res_json["results"][0]["album"] == "album"

    def test_get_stats(self):
        response = self.client.get("/stats")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))

        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["items"] == 3
        assert res_json["albums"] == 2

    def test_delete_item_id(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create a temporary item
        item_id = self.lib.add(
            Item(title="test_delete_item_id", test_delete_item_id=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id

        # Delete item by id
        response = self.client.delete(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the item has gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 404
        # Note: if this fails, the item may still be around
        # and may cause other tests to fail

    def test_delete_item_without_file(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create an item with a file
        ipath = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, b"testfile1.mp3")
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(_common.RSRC, b"full.mp3"), ipath)
        assert os.path.exists(ipath)
        item_id = self.lib.add(Item.from_path(ipath))

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id

        # Delete item by id, without deleting file
        response = self.client.delete(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the item has gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 404

        # Check the file has not gone
        assert os.path.exists(ipath)
        os.remove(ipath)

    def test_delete_item_with_file(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create an item with a file
        ipath = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, b"testfile2.mp3")
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(_common.RSRC, b"full.mp3"), ipath)
        assert os.path.exists(ipath)
        item_id = self.lib.add(Item.from_path(ipath))

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id

        # Delete item by id, with file
        response = self.client.delete(f"/item/{item_id}?delete")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the item has gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 404

        # Check the file has gone
        assert not os.path.exists(ipath)

    def test_delete_item_query(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create a temporary item
        self.lib.add(
            Item(title="test_delete_item_query", test_delete_item_query=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/test_delete_item_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Delete item by query
        response = self.client.delete("/item/query/test_delete_item_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the item has gone
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/test_delete_item_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 0

    def test_delete_item_all_fails(self):
        """DELETE is not supported for list all"""

        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Delete all items
        response = self.client.delete("/item/")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Note: if this fails, all items have gone and rest of
        # tests will fail!

    def test_delete_item_id_readonly(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True

        # Create a temporary item
        item_id = self.lib.add(
            Item(title="test_delete_item_id_ro", test_delete_item_id_ro=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id

        # Try to delete item by id
        response = self.client.delete(f"/item/{item_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Check the item has not gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id

        # Remove it
        self.lib.get_item(item_id).remove()

    def test_delete_item_query_readonly(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True

        # Create a temporary item
        item_id = self.lib.add(
            Item(title="test_delete_item_q_ro", test_delete_item_q_ro=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/test_delete_item_q_ro")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Try to delete item by query
        response = self.client.delete("/item/query/test_delete_item_q_ro")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Check the item has not gone
        response = self.client.get("/item/query/test_delete_item_q_ro")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Remove it
        self.lib.get_item(item_id).remove()

    def test_delete_album_id(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create a temporary album
        album_id = self.lib.add(
            Album(album="test_delete_album_id", test_delete_album_id=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary album we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/album/{album_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == album_id

        # Delete album by id
        response = self.client.delete(f"/album/{album_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the album has gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/album/{album_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 404
        # Note: if this fails, the album may still be around
        # and may cause other tests to fail

    def test_delete_album_query(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create a temporary album
        self.lib.add(
            Album(album="test_delete_album_query", test_delete_album_query=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary album we just created
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/test_delete_album_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Delete album
        response = self.client.delete("/album/query/test_delete_album_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200

        # Check the album has gone
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/test_delete_album_query")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 0

    def test_delete_album_all_fails(self):
        """DELETE is not supported for list all"""

        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Delete all albums
        response = self.client.delete("/album/")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Note: if this fails, all albums have gone and rest of
        # tests will fail!

    def test_delete_album_id_readonly(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True

        # Create a temporary album
        album_id = self.lib.add(
            Album(album="test_delete_album_id_ro", test_delete_album_id_ro=1)
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary album we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/album/{album_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == album_id

        # Try to delete album by id
        response = self.client.delete(f"/album/{album_id}")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Check the item has not gone
        response = self.client.get(f"/album/{album_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == album_id

        # Remove it
        self.lib.get_album(album_id).remove()

    def test_delete_album_query_readonly(self):
        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True

        # Create a temporary album
        album_id = self.lib.add(
            Album(
                album="test_delete_album_query_ro", test_delete_album_query_ro=1
            )
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary album we just created
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/test_delete_album_query_ro")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Try to delete album
        response = self.client.delete("/album/query/test_delete_album_query_ro")
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Check the album has not gone
        response = self.client.get("/album/query/test_delete_album_query_ro")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert len(res_json["results"]) == 1

        # Remove it
        self.lib.get_album(album_id).remove()

    def test_patch_item_id(self):
        # Note: PATCH is currently only implemented for track items, not albums

        web.app.config["READONLY"] = False

        # Create a temporary item
        item_id = self.lib.add(
            Item(
                title="test_patch_item_id", test_patch_f1=1, test_patch_f2="Old"
            )
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id
        assert res_json["test_patch_f1"] == "1"
        assert res_json["test_patch_f2"] == "Old"

        # Patch item by id
        # patch_json = json.JSONEncoder().encode({"test_patch_f2": "New"}]})
        response = self.client.patch(
            f"/item/{item_id}", json={"test_patch_f2": "New"}
        )
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id
        assert res_json["test_patch_f1"] == "1"
        assert res_json["test_patch_f2"] == "New"

        # Check the update has really worked
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id
        assert res_json["test_patch_f1"] == "1"
        assert res_json["test_patch_f2"] == "New"

        # Remove the item
        self.lib.get_item(item_id).remove()

    def test_patch_item_id_readonly(self):
        # Note: PATCH is currently only implemented for track items, not albums

        web.app.config["READONLY"] = True

        # Create a temporary item
        item_id = self.lib.add(
            Item(
                title="test_patch_item_id_ro",
                test_patch_f1=2,
                test_patch_f2="Old",
            )
        )

        # Check we can find the temporary item we just created
        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}")
        res_json = json.loads(response.data.decode("utf-8"))
        assert response.status_code == 200
        assert res_json["id"] == item_id
        assert res_json["test_patch_f1"] == "2"
        assert res_json["test_patch_f2"] == "Old"

        # Patch item by id
        # patch_json = json.JSONEncoder().encode({"test_patch_f2": "New"})
        response = self.client.patch(
            f"/item/{item_id}", json={"test_patch_f2": "New"}
        )
        assert response.status_code == 405

        # Remove the item
        self.lib.get_item(item_id).remove()

    def test_get_item_file(self):
        ipath = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, b"testfile2.mp3")
        shutil.copy(os.path.join(_common.RSRC, b"full.mp3"), ipath)
        assert os.path.exists(ipath)
        item_id = self.lib.add(Item.from_path(ipath))

        response = self.client.get(f"/item/{item_id}/file")

        assert response.status_code == 200


class TestWebXSS(WebPluginMixin, PytestTestHelper):
    """Tests for XSS vulnerability in the web plugin templates.

    These tests verify that the Underscore.js templates in index.html use
    the escaping syntax (<%- %) instead of the non-escaping syntax (<%= %).

    In Underscore.js 1.2.2 (used by beets):
    - <%= variable %> does NOT escape HTML (vulnerable to XSS)
    - <%- variable %> DOES escape HTML (safe)

    This was reported in
    https://github.com/beetbox/beets/security/advisories/GHSA-3gxm-wfjx-m847
    and remediated in
    https://github.com/beetbox/beets/commit/75f0d8f4899e61afb939adf02dcfb078aed23a6a
    """

    def test_templates_use_escaping_syntax(self):
        """Verify that all Underscore.js templates use <%- %> for escaping.

        This test requests the index.html page and checks that all
        user data interpolations in the Underscore.js templates use
        the escaping syntax (<%- %) rather than the non-escaping syntax (<%= %).
        """
        import re

        # Request the index.html page
        response = self.client.get("/")
        html = response.data.decode("utf-8")

        # Extract the template scripts from the HTML
        # The templates are in <script type="text/template"> blocks
        template_pattern = r'<script type="text/template"[^>]*>(.*?)</script>'
        templates = re.findall(template_pattern, html, re.DOTALL)

        # Combine all template content for checking
        all_template_content = "\n".join(templates)

        # Check that no <%= %> (non-escaping) tags exist for user data
        # We look for <%= followed by a variable name (word characters)
        non_escaping_pattern = r"<%=\s*(\w+)\s*%>"
        non_escaping_matches = re.findall(
            non_escaping_pattern, all_template_content
        )

        # List of fields that should be escaped (user-controlled data)
        user_data_fields = [
            "title",
            "artist",
            "album",
            "year",
            "track",
            "tracktotal",
            "disc",
            "disctotal",
            "length",
            "format",
            "bitrate",
            "mb_trackid",
            "id",
            "lyrics",
            "comments",
        ]

        # Check if any user data fields are using non-escaping <%= %>
        vulnerable_fields = [
            field for field in non_escaping_matches if field in user_data_fields
        ]

        # If we found any user data fields using <%= %>, the templates are vulnerable
        assert len(vulnerable_fields) == 0, (
            "Found non-escaping <%= %> tags for user data fields: "
            f"{vulnerable_fields}. "
            "These should use <%- %> for HTML escaping to prevent XSS."
        )

        # Also verify that escaping tags (<%- %>) are present for user data
        escaping_pattern = r"<%-\s*(\w+)\s*%>"
        escaping_matches = re.findall(escaping_pattern, all_template_content)

        # At least some user data fields should use escaping
        safe_fields = [
            field for field in escaping_matches if field in user_data_fields
        ]
        assert len(safe_fields) > 0, (
            "No escaping <%- %> tags found for user data fields. "
            "Templates should use <%- %> for HTML escaping."
        )